Mapping the energy and diffusion landscapes of membrane proteins at the cell surface using high-density single-molecule imaging and Bayesian inference: application to the multi-scale dynamics of glycine receptors in the neuronal membrane

Protein mobility is conventionally analyzed in terms of an effective diffusion. Yet, this description often fails to properly distinguish and evaluate the physical parameters (such as the membrane friction) and the biochemical interactions governing the motion. Here, we present a method combining high-density single-molecule imaging and statistical inference to separately map the diffusion and energy landscapes of membrane proteins across the cell surface at ~100 nm resolution (with acquisition of a few minutes). When applying these analytical tools to glycine neurotransmitter receptors (GlyRs) at inhibitory synapses, we find that gephyrin scaffolds act as shallow energy traps (~3 kBT) for GlyRs, with a depth modulated by the biochemical properties of the receptor-gephyrin interaction loop. In turn, the inferred maps can be used to simulate the dynamics of proteins in the membrane, from the level of individual receptors to that of the population, and thereby, to model the stochastic fluctuations of physiological parameters (such as the number of receptors at synapses). Overall, our approach provides a powerful and comprehensive framework with which to analyze biochemical interactions in living cells and to decipher the multi-scale dynamics of biomolecules in complex cellular environments.Comment: 23 pages, 4 figure

Évolution des territoires québécois : comparaison entre les milieux urbains et ruraux en matière de développement socio-économique de 1991 à 2006

Cette étude a été réalisée dans le cadre de l’entente entre le ministère des Affaires municipales et des Régions (MAMR) (aujourd’hui ministère des Affaires municipales, des Régions et de l’Occupation du territoire - MAMROT) et le Centre de recherche sur le développement territorial (CRDT) pour la recherche sur le développement régional, local et rural au Québec. La recherche a porté sur l’évolution des territoires du Québec à partir de bases de données issues des recensements tenus par Statistique Canada et fournies par le MAMROT. Nous avons examiné cette évolution sur une période de quinze ans, de 1991 à 2006.Entente CRDT - MAMR 2008-2010 ; FQRSCAVANT-PROPOS; INTRODUCTION; PARTIE 1 : RECENSION DES ÉCRITS; Introduction; Mise en contexte : population rurale et urbaine; L’évolution du peuplement au Québec; La persistance des disparités au Québec; L’évolution du nombre d’emplois et du taux d’activité; L’évolution du revenu familial moyen et des transferts gouvernementaux; Évolution socio-économique des municipalités dévitalisées; Effort de caractérisation et localisation des territoires les plus défavorisés; Caractérisation, évolution et diagnostic des territoires dévitalisés; Conclusion; PARTIE 2 : RÉSULTATS DE LA RECHERCHE; Méthodologie; Analyse descriptive de l’évolution des territoires, 1991-2006; Territoires ruraux, 1991-2006; Territoires urbains, 1991-2006; Comparaison de l’évolution des territoires ruraux et urbains, 1991-2006; CONCLUSION; BIBLIOGRAPHI

Thermoneutrality improves skeletal impairment in adult Prader-Willi syndrome mice

International audienc

Beth Levine in memoriam

Beth Levine was born on 7 April 1960 in Newark, New Jersey. She went to college at Brown University where she received an A.B. Magna Cum Laude, and she attended medical school at Cornell University Medical College, receiving her MD in 1986. She completed her internship and residency in Internal Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York, and her fellowship in Infectious Diseases at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. Most recently, Beth was a Professor of Internal Medicine and Microbiology, Director of the Center for Autophagy Research, and holder of the Charles Sprague Distinguished Chair in Biomedical Science at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas. Beth died on 15 June 2020 from cancer. Beth is survived by her husband, Milton Packer, and their two children, Rachel (26 years old) and Ben (25 years old). Dr. Levine was as an international leader in the field of autophagy research. Her laboratory identified the mammalian autophagy gene BECN1/beclin 1; identified conserved mechanisms underlying the regulation of autophagy (e.g. BCL2-BECN1 complex formation, insulin-like signaling, EGFR, ERBB2/HER2 and AKT1-mediated BECN1 phosphosphorylation); and provided the first evidence that autophagy genes are important in antiviral host defense, tumor suppression, lifespan extension, apoptotic corpse clearance, metazoan development, Na,K-ATPase-regulated cell death, and the beneficial metabolic effects of exercise. She developed a potent autophagy-inducing cell permeable peptide, Tat-beclin 1, which has potential therapeutic applications in a range of diseases. She was a founding Associate Editor of the journal Autophagy and an editorial board member of Cell and Cell Host & Microbe. She has received numerous awards/honors in recognition of her scientific achievement, including: The American Cancer Society Junior Faculty Research Award (1994); election into the American Society of Clinical Investigation (2000); the Ellison Medical Foundation Senior Scholars Award in Global Infectious Diseases (2004); elected member, American Association of Physicians (2005); appointment as a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator (2008); Edith and Peter O’Donnell Award in Medicine (2008); elected fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science (2012); election into the National Academy of Sciences (2013); election into the Academy of Medicine, Engineering and Science of Texas (2013); the ASCI Stanley J. Korsmeyer Award (2014); Phyllis T. Bodel Women in Medicine Award, Yale University School of Medicine (2018); recipient, Barcroft Medal, Queen’s University Belfast (2018).Fil: An, Zhenyi. No especifíca;Fil: Ballabi, Andrea. No especifíca;Fil: Bennett, Lynda. No especifíca;Fil: Boya, Patricia. No especifíca;Fil: Cecconi, Francesco. No especifíca;Fil: Chiang, Wei Chung. No especifíca;Fil: Codogno, Patrice. No especifíca;Fil: Colombo, Maria Isabel. No especifíca;Fil: Cuervo, Ana Maria. No especifíca;Fil: Debnath, Jayanta. No especifíca;Fil: Deretic, Vojo. No especifíca;Fil: Dikic, Ivan. No especifíca;Fil: Dionne, Keith. No especifíca;Fil: Dong, Xiaonan. No especifíca;Fil: Elazar, Zvulun. No especifíca;Fil: Galluzzi, Lorenzo. No especifíca;Fil: Gentile, Frank. No especifíca;Fil: Griffin, Diane E.. No especifíca;Fil: Hansen, Malene. No especifíca;Fil: Hardwick, J. Marie. No especifíca;Fil: He, Congcong. No especifíca;Fil: Huang, Shu Yi. No especifíca;Fil: Hurley, James. No especifíca;Fil: Jackson, William T.. No especifíca;Fil: Jozefiak, Cindy. No especifíca;Fil: Kitsis, Richard N.. No especifíca;Fil: Klionsky, Daniel J.. No especifíca;Fil: Kroemer, Guido. No especifíca;Fil: Meijer, Alfred J.. No especifíca;Fil: Meléndez, Alicia. No especifíca;Fil: Melino, Gerry. No especifíca;Fil: Mizushima, Noboru. No especifíca;Fil: Murphy, Leon O.. No especifíca;Fil: Nixon, Ralph. No especifíca;Fil: Orvedahl, Anthony. No especifíca;Fil: Pattingre, Sophie. No especifíca;Fil: Piacentini, Mauro. No especifíca;Fil: Reggiori, Fulvio. No especifíca;Fil: Ross, Theodora. No especifíca;Fil: Rubinsztein, David C.. No especifíca;Fil: Ryan, Kevin. No especifíca;Fil: Sadoshima, Junichi. No especifíca;Fil: Schreiber, Stuart L.. No especifíca;Fil: Scott, Frederick. No especifíca;Fil: Sebti, Salwa. No especifíca;Fil: Shiloh, Michael. No especifíca;Fil: Shoji, Sanae. No especifíca;Fil: Simonsen, Anne. No especifíca;Fil: Smith, Haley. No especifíca;Fil: Sumpter, Kathryn M.. No especifíca;Fil: Thompson, Craig B.. No especifíca;Fil: Thorburn, Andrew. No especifíca;Fil: Thumm, Michael. No especifíca;Fil: Tooze, Sharon. No especifíca;Fil: Vaccaro, Maria Ines. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad Medicina. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Virgin, Herbert W.. No especifíca;Fil: Wang, Fei. No especifíca;Fil: White, Eileen. No especifíca;Fil: Xavier, Ramnik J.. No especifíca;Fil: Yoshimori, Tamotsu. No especifíca;Fil: Yuan, Junying. No especifíca;Fil: Yue, Zhenyu. No especifíca;Fil: Zhong, Qing. No especifíca

Exome Sequencing and the Management of Neurometabolic Disorders

BACKGROUND: Whole-exome sequencing has transformed gene discovery and diagnosis in rare diseases. Translation into disease-modifying treatments is challenging, particularly for intellectual developmental disorder. However, the exception is inborn errors of metabolism, since many of these disorders are responsive to therapy that targets pathophysiological features at the molecular or cellular level. METHODS: To uncover the genetic basis of potentially treatable inborn errors of metabolism, we combined deep clinical phenotyping (the comprehensive characterization of the discrete components of a patient's clinical and biochemical phenotype) with whole-exome sequencing analysis through a semiautomated bioinformatics pipeline in consecutively enrolled patients with intellectual developmental disorder and unexplained metabolic phenotypes. RESULTS: We performed whole-exome sequencing on samples obtained from 47 probands. Of these patients, 6 were excluded, including 1 who withdrew from the study. The remaining 41 probands had been born to predominantly nonconsanguineous parents of European descent. In 37 probands, we identified variants in 2 genes newly implicated in disease, 9 candidate genes, 22 known genes with newly identified phenotypes, and 9 genes with expected phenotypes; in most of the genes, the variants were classified as either pathogenic or probably pathogenic. Complex phenotypes of patients in five families were explained by coexisting monogenic conditions. We obtained a diagnosis in 28 of 41 probands (68%) who were evaluated. A test of a targeted intervention was performed in 18 patients (44%). CONCLUSIONS: Deep phenotyping and whole-exome sequencing in 41 probands with intellectual developmental disorder and unexplained metabolic abnormalities led to a diagnosis in 68%, the identification of 11 candidate genes newly implicated in neurometabolic disease, and a change in treatment beyond genetic counseling in 44%. (Funded by BC Children's Hospital Foundation and others.)

Biofonctionnalisation de points quantiques pour le suivi de récepteurs synaptiques

La membrane cellulaire est un environnement très dynamique où diffusent plusieurs familles de protéines. Pour assurer la communication entre neurones, certains récepteurs membranaires diffusant librement doivent être stabilisés aux jonctions de communication neuronales: les synapses. Des changements dans le comportement diffusif de ces récepteurs induisent des variations de leurs populations à la synapse. La capacité d'observer ces protéines diffuser individuellement est donc importante pour mieux comprendre certains mécanismes cellulaires associés au fonctionnement du système nerveux. Alors que les fluorophores organiques (Alexa, Atto, ...) et génétiquement encodées (GFP, RFP, ...) photoblanchissent rapidement, les nanocristaux semi-conducteurs fluorescents (points quantiques: QDs) sont photo-stables, ce qui permet de suivre les protéines marquées sur de plus longues périodes. Même si la structure cristalline du QD dépasse rarement les 10nm de diamètre, la taille de la sonde fonctionnalisée, une fois équipée d'un enrobage hydrophile et de protéines d'hameçonnage, est d'environ 30 nm, limitant leur accessibilité dans la fente synaptique (environ 20 nm). De plus, la multivalence des versions commerciales des QDs fonctionnalisés pose problème, en leur permettant de lier plusieurs récepteurs à la fois. Dans ce mémoire, nous présentons donc différentes approches pour la biofonctionnalisation de petit QDs monovalents, ainsi que les principales stratégies pour marquer des récepteurs synaptiques uniques à partir de QDs. De plus, nous présentons une étude de la diffusion de récepteurs synaptiques diffusant à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur de synapses et comparons les résultats en fonction des 2 types de sondes utilisés : QDs enrobés d'anticorps et QDs enrobés de streptavidine. Ces travaux devraient contribuer à l'optimisation d'une approche pour suivre les dynamiques des récepteurs synaptiques dans des modèles de plasticité synaptique