22 research outputs found

    Phylogenetic patterns and the adaptive evolution of osmoregulation in fiddler crabs (Brachyura, Uca)

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    Salinity is the primary driver of osmoregulatory evolution in decapods, and may have influenced their diversification into different osmotic niches. In semi-terrestrial crabs, hyperosmoregulatory ability favors sojourns into burrows and dilute media, and provides a safeguard against hemolymph dilution; hypo-osmoregulatory ability underlies emersion capability and a life more removed from water sources. However, most comparative studies have neglected the roles of the phylogenetic and environmental components of inter-specific physiological variation, hindering evaluation of phylogenetic patterns and the adaptive nature of osmoregulatory evolution. Semi-terrestrial fiddler crabs (Uca) inhabit fresh to hyper-saline waters, with species from the Americas occupying higher intertidal habitats than Indo-west Pacific species mainly found in the low intertidal zone. Here, we characterize numerous osmoregulatory traits in all ten fiddler crabs found along the Atlantic coast of Brazil, and we employ phylogenetic comparative methods using 24 species to test for: (i) similarities of osmoregulatory ability among closely related species; (ii) salinity as a driver of osmoregulatory evolution; (iii) correlation between salt uptake and secretion; and (iv) adaptive peaks in osmoregulatory ability in the high intertidal American lineages. Our findings reveal that osmoregulation in Uca exhibits strong phylogenetic patterns in salt uptake traits. Salinity does not correlate with hyper/hypo-regulatory abilities, but drives hemolymph osmolality at ambient salinities. Osmoregulatory traits have evolved towards three adaptive peaks, revealing a significant contribution of hyper/hypo-regulatory ability in the American clades. Thus, during the evolutionary history of fiddler crabs, salinity has driven some of the osmoregulatory transformations that underpin habitat diversification, although others are apparently constrained phylogenetically

    Metacommunity phylogenetic structure along environmental gradients

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    Submitted by Marlene Santos ([email protected]) on 2016-07-27T21:10:07Z No. of bitstreams: 3 Tese - Diogo Borges Provete - 2016.pdf: 3048056 bytes, checksum: 5e3c0b282d1a0790baa37204e8059ed1 (MD5) Ata de defesa - Diogo Borges Provete.PDF: 971791 bytes, checksum: d78fa4a86345ee06bcf4e49553a98347 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira ([email protected]) on 2016-07-28T11:01:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 Tese - Diogo Borges Provete - 2016.pdf: 3048056 bytes, checksum: 5e3c0b282d1a0790baa37204e8059ed1 (MD5) Ata de defesa - Diogo Borges Provete.PDF: 971791 bytes, checksum: d78fa4a86345ee06bcf4e49553a98347 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-28T11:01:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 Tese - Diogo Borges Provete - 2016.pdf: 3048056 bytes, checksum: 5e3c0b282d1a0790baa37204e8059ed1 (MD5) Ata de defesa - Diogo Borges Provete.PDF: 971791 bytes, checksum: d78fa4a86345ee06bcf4e49553a98347 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-30Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPESPhylogenetic information has increasingly been included in studies of local communities and also at broad spatial scales. Despite recent criticisms in the last four years, phylogenetic relationships may still provide insights into the organization and assembly of ecological communities. The objectives of this study were 1) to review the history of the use of phylogenetic information, as well as criticisms and perspectives of its use in community ecology; 2) understand how the size and shape of phylogenetic trees and the phylogenetic structure of metacomunidaes affect the amount of variation accounted for by a eigenvector-based method used to describe the phylogenetic composition of metacomunidaes (PCPS); 3) to test the effect of diversity of evolutionary history (MNTD and MPD) and species richness as predictors of three variables of freshwater ecosystem functioning (productivity, respiration, and decomposition); and finally 4) to test how environmental gradients, especially pond canopy cover, influence the phylogenetic structure of an anuran metacommunity from southeastern Brazil. I found that the structure of metacommunities had greater impact on eigenvalues of PCPS than tree shape metrics, such as symmetry and stemminess. In addition, decomposition and respiration were best predicted by MNTD as a linear function, while productivity was affected by the quadratic term of MNTD. Finally, pond canopy cover and floating vegetation strongly affected the phylogenetic structure of the anruan metacommunity, influencing lineage sorting. These findings 1) can help users interpret the results of PCPS; 2) provide better understand of the effect of species loss in multitrophic, freshwater ecosystems; and 3) improve our knowledge about the effect of canopy cover on the lineage composition in anuran metacomunities.Informações filogenéticas tem sido cada vez mais incluídas em estudos de comunidades locais e em larga escala espacial. Apesar das críticas dos últimos quatro anos, relações de parentesco ainda podem fornecer idéias sobre a organização e montagem de comunidades ecológicas. Os objetivos deste estudo foram 1) revisar o histórico do uso de informações filogenéticas, bem como críticas e perspectivas quanto ao seu uso em ecologia de comunidades; 2) entender como o formato e tamanho de árvores filogenéticas e a estrutura filogenética da metacomunidade afetam a quantidade de variação capturada por um método baseado em autovetores usado para descrever a composição filogenética de metacomunidaes (PCPS); 3) testar o efeito da diversidade de história evolutiva (MNTD e MPD) e da riqueza de espécies como preditores de três métricas de funcionamento de ecossistemas aquáticos (produtividade, respiração, e decomposição); e por fim 4) testar como gradientes ambientais, especialmente cobertura de dossel, influenciam a estrutura filogenética de uma metacomunidade de anuros no sudeste do Brasil. Encontrei que a estrutura da metacomunidade teve maior impacto nos autovalores do PCPS do que métricas de formato de árvore, tais como simetria e enraizamento (stemminess). Além disso a decomposição e respiração foram melhor preditas por MNTD, enquanto produtividade foi melhor predita pelo termo quadrático desta medida. Por fim, a cobertura de dossel e vegetação flutuantes afetaram fortemente a estrutura filogenética da metacomunidade de anuros, influenciando a distribuição de linhagens. Estes resultados 1) podem auxiliar na interpretação dos resultados do PCPS por usuários; 2) permitem compreender melhor o efeito da perda de espécies em ecossistemas aquáticos multitróficos; e 3) ampliam o conhecimento sobre o efeito da cobertura de dossel sobre a composição de linhagens em metacomunidades de anuros

    Uso de recursos e padrão de co-ocorrência com insetos predadores em comunidades sub-tropicais de girinos

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    Girinos são um importante componente de ecossistemas de água doce e, ao longo dos últimos trinta anos, vêm sendo utilizados como modelos para testar hipóteses em ecologia de comunidades. O conjunto de informações disponível atualmente sugere que a presença de predadores influencia a abundância e o uso de hábitat por girinos e, conseqüentemente, a estrutura da comunidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o uso de recursos e investigar a influência de predadores na distribuição espacial de espécies e na estrutura de comunidades de girinos. As principais questões deste estudo foram: 1) qual o papel dos fatores abióticos na estruturação de comunidades de girinos?; 2) qual o grau de sobreposição de nicho entre as espécies nos três principais eixos de recursos: tempo (ocorrência sazonal), alimento e espaço (hábitat)?; 3) os girinos apresentam um padrão de distribuição não-aleatório em relação aos predadores? As amostragens tiveram freqüência mensal com coletas simultâneas de girinos e insetos predadores. Na caracterização dos corpos d’água foram utilizados dez descritores ambientais. Para determinar as guildas de espécies com relação ao uso de hábitat e ocorrência mensal foi implementada, respectivamente, uma análise de agrupamento e de ordenação por escalonamentro multidimensional não métrico. Para investigar a associação entre a abundância de girinos e os gradientes ambientais foi usada uma análise de correspondência canônica. A partilha de recursos entre girinos foi analisada utilizando-se uma análise de sobreposição de nicho em conjunto com um modelo nulo, considerando como eixos de recursos a ocorrência mensal, ocorrência nas poças e os itens alimentares. A análise da co-ocorrência pareada de girinos e predadores foi efetuada utilizando-se...Tadpoles are an important component of freshwater ecossystems and in the last thirty years has been used as model organisms to test hypothesis in community ecology. The data currently available suggest that the presence of predators influences the abundance and habitat use by tadpoles and, consequently the community structure. The aims of this study were to establish how tadpoles divide resources and to investigate the influence of predators on species distribution and on community structure of tadpoles. The main questions were: 1) What is the role of abiotic factors in the community structure?; 2) What is the extent of niche overlap among species, considering the three main resource axes: time (seasonal occurrence), diet items and space (macrohabitat)?; 3) Tadpoles exhibit a non-random distribution pattern in relation to predaceous insects? We conducted monthly samplings to collect tadpoles and predaceous insects. We also used 10 environmental descriptors to characterize the water bodies. To recognize species guilds in relation to habitat use and monthly occurrence, we employed respectively a cluster analysis and a n-MDS, respectively. To investigate the association between species abundance and environmental gradients we used a canonical correspondence analysis. The resource partitioning among tadpoles was analyzed using a null model, considering as recource axes monthly occurrence, pond occupancy and diet items. The pair-wise co-occurrence analysis between tadpoles and predaceous insects was carried out using a null model. Our main findings demonstrate that forest canopy cover and pond hydroperiod were the main factors influencing species abundance along water bodies sampled. There was a species sorting along these two environmental gradients, with species restricted to both ends of these continuums. There was a high overlap in seasonal occurence... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

    Knowledge gaps and bibliographical revision about descriptions of free-swimming anuran larvae from Brazil

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    Research on tadpole morphology has grown rapidly in recent decades, but many larval anurans remain unknown. We made a literature survey of all studies that describe free-swiming larvae of anuran species occurring in Brazil in order to identify major gaps and provide a searchable bibliographical source about these descriptions. We found that 61.25% of tadpoles of species with free-swiming larvae have already been described. We hope that this paper will foster future tadpole descriptions by providing easy access to the literature.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP
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