Efeitos do decanoato de nandrolona na aprendizagem/mem?ria de ratos submetidos a treinamento resistido

Introdu??o: O uso de decanoato de nandrolona (DN) ? frequentemente utilizado como esteroide anab?lico androg?nico (EAA), em doses suprafisiol?gicas, por atletas e n?o atletas, com fins de melhoria de desempenho esportivo ou est?tico. Recentes estudos t?m mostrados efeitos delet?rios no hipocampo e preju?zo na aprendizagem/mem?ria com o uso de DN. Em contrapartida, muitos estudos t?m mostrado um aumento da plasticidade cerebral em ratos submetidos a treinamento resistido (TR), mas nenhum ainda verificou o uso de DN na aprendizagem/mem?ria associado ao TR. Devido ao fato de ser muito comum o uso do DN, em doses suprafisiol?gicas, por praticantes recreativos de TR e principalmente por atletas amadores e profissionais para acelera??o do desempenho, torna-se fundamental entender como o DN pode interferir nos benef?cios do TR na aprendizagem/mem?ria. Objetivo: avaliar os efeitos do DN associado ao TR, na aprendizagem/mem?ria e neuroplasticidade cerebral de ratos Wistar. Materiais e M?todos: Os animais foram distribu?dos em quatro grupos (N= 12): a) SED/SAL; b) SED/DECA; c) TREIN/SAL; d) TREIN/DECA. O uso do DN foi administrado em dose suprafisiol?gica para simular o uso abusivo que ocorre em humanos. Para isso, a dose administrada nos animais foi de 15mg/Kg ao dia, por 8 semanas (5 dias por semana). O TR foi realizado em escada adaptada e consistiu em 40 dias de treino (8 semanas). Cada sess?o de treino consistiu em 8 s?ries (2x50%, 2x75%, 2x90%, 2x100%) com sobrecarga aplicada depois de um teste de for?a m?xima. Ap?s a interven??o, os animais foram submetidos ao teste de reconhecimento de objetos (NOR). Resultados: Treinamento Resistido, no momento pr? (SEM 1) sem diferen?a entre os grupos. No grupo SED/SAL SEM 1 (279,8?29,95g) e SEM 8 (297,4?29,06g) p>0,05 sem diferen?a. Grupo SED/DECA SEM 1 (264,1?22,47g) e SEM 8 (446,9?19,49g) p<0,05. Grupo TREI/SAL SEM 1 (294,4?31,20g) e SEM 8 (933,3?51,87g) p<0,05. Grupo TREI/DECA SEM 1 (319,2?29,55g) e SEM 8 (1086?95,88g). No momento p?s (SEM 8) diferen?a entre grupo SED/DECA (446,9?19,49g) em rela??o aos grupos TREI/SAL (933,3?51,87g) e TREI/DECA (1086?95,88g) p<0,05. Diferen?a no momento p?s para o grupo TREI/SAL (933,3?51,87g) em rela??o ao grupo TREI/DECA (1086?95,88g) p<0,05. Treino do NOR n?o houve diferen?a entre os grupos. Aprendizagem em curto prazo. No (A) SED/SAL, maior explora??o do objeto novo, no (B) SED/DECA, observa-se nesse grupo uma maior explora??o do objeto familiar, (C) TREI/SAL, maior explora??o do objeto novo (D) TREI/DECA n?o houve prefer?ncia por nenhum objeto. Aprendizagem em longo prazo (A) SED/SAL maior explora??o do objeto novo (B) SED/DECA, maior explora??o do objeto familiar, (C) TREI/SAL, maior explora??o do objeto novo (D) TREI/DECA n?o houve preferencia por nenhum objeto. Mem?ria de curto prazo (A) representa os dados em rela??o ao objeto familiar. SED/SAL (24,82?5,7seg), SED/DECA (39,18?15,4 seg) e TREI/SAL (14,00?3,8 seg) p<0,05. SED/DECA (39,18?15,4 seg) TREI/SAL (14,00?3,8 seg) p<0,05, TREI/SAL (14,00?3,8 seg) TREI/DECA (30,18?16,2 seg) p<0,05. (B) representa os dados em rela??o ao objeto novo. SED/SAL (36,55?10,5 seg) SED/DECA (24,91?10,3 seg) e TREI/SAL (55,18?10,9 seg) p<0,05. SED/DECA (24,91?10,3 seg) TREI/SAL (55,18?10,9 seg) p<0,05, TREI/SAL (55,18?10,9) TREI/DECA (24,36?9,3) p,0,05. (C) representa o ?ndice de discrimina??o na mem?ria de curto prazo SED/SAL (0,58?0,1) SED/DECA (0,38?0,12) e TREI/SAL (0,79?0,04) p<0,05. SED/DECA (0,38?0,12) TREI/SAL (0,79?0,04) p<0,05, TREI/SAL (0,79?0,04) TREI/DECA (0,46?0,13) p<0,05. Mem?ria de longo prazo. (A) representa os dados em rela??o ao objeto familiar. SED/SAL (21,55?6,9 seg) SED/DECA (40,18?13,6 seg) p<0,05, SED/DECA (40,18?13,6 seg) TREI/SAL (15,00?8,4 seg) p<0,05, TREI/SAL (15,00?8,4 seg) TREI/DECA (28,18?9,1 seg) p<0,05. (B) representa os dados em rela??o ao objeto novo. SED/SAL (40,45?17,3 seg) SED/DECA (22,55?4,6 seg) p<0,05. SED/DECA (22,55?4,7 seg) TREI/SAL (57,82?22,2 seg) p<0,05, TREI/SAL (57,82?22,2 seg) TREI/DECA (16,91?7,4 seg) p<0,05. (C) representa o ?ndice de discrimina??o na mem?ria de longo prazo SED/SAL (0,63?0,1) SED/DECA (0,36?0,1) p<0,05, TREI/SAL (0,80?0,1) e TREI/DECA (0,38?0,1) p<0,05. SED/DECA (0,36?0,1) TREI/SAL (0,80?0,1) p<0,05, TREI/SAL (0,80?0,1) TREI/DECA (0,38?0,1) p<0,05. Conclus?es: O treinamento resistido se mostrou eficiente, pois conseguiu aumentar a carga de trabalho durante as 8 semanas de interven??o, al?m de ter proporcionado uma melhora no teste de reconhecimento de objetos, tanto de aprendizagem quanto nas mem?rias de curto e longo prazo. O decanoato de nandrolona mostrou o seu efeito anab?lico, ao potencializar os efeitos do TR no ganho da for?a muscular. No entanto, atuou como um agente prejudicial na fun??o cerebral e causou preju?zo de aprendizagem e mem?rias. Al?m disso, o DN associado ao TR causou uma supress?o dos efeitos ben?ficos do TR na sa?de cerebral, o que que prejudicou a aprendizagem e mem?rias.Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa Multic?ntrico de P?s-gradua??o em Ci?ncias Fisiol?gicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2019.Introduction: The use of nandrolone decanoate (ND) is frequently used as an androgenic anabolic steroid (AAS) at supraphysiological doses by athletes and non-athletes for the purpose of improving sports or aesthetic performance. Recent studies have shown deleterious effects on the hippocampus and learning / memory impairment with the use of ND. In contrast, many studies have shown an increase in brain plasticity in rats submitted to resistance training (RT), but none have yet verified the use of ND in training / training associated with RT. Due to the fact that the use of ND in supraphysiological doses by recreational RT practitioners and mainly by amateur and professional athletes for performance acceleration is very common, it is fundamental to understand how ND can interfere with the benefits of RT in learning /memory. Objective: To evaluate the effects of RT associated to ND at a dose of 15mg / kg in learning / memory and brain neuroplasticity of Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Animals were divided into four groups (N = 12): a) SED/SAL; b) SED/DECA; c) TREIN/SAL; d) TREI /DECA. The use of ND was administered at supraphysiological doses to mimic the abusive use that occurs in humans. For this, the dose administered in the animals was 15mg / kg daily, for 8 weeks (5 days a week). The RT was performed on an adapted ladder and consisted of 40 training days (8 weeks). Each training session consisted of 8 series (2x50%, 2x75%, 2x90%, 2x100%) with applied overload after a maximum force test. After the intervention, the animals were submitted to the object recognition test (NOR). Results: Resistance training, at the pre-test (SEM 1) with no difference between the groups. In the group SED/SAL SEM 1 (279.8 ? 29.95g) and SEM 8 (297.4 ? 29.06g) p> 0.05 without difference. Group SED/DECA SEM 1 (264.1 ? 22.47g) and SEM 8 (446.9 ? 19.49g) p <0.05. Group TREI/SAL SEM 1 (294.4 ? 31.20g) and SEM 8 (933.3 ? 51.87g) p <0.05. Group TREI/DECA SEM 1 (319.2 ? 29.55g) and SEM 8 (1086 ? 95.88g). At the post-stage (SEM 8) difference between the SED/DECA group (446.9 ? 19.49g) in relation to the TREI/SAL groups (933.3 ? 51.87g) and TREI/DECA groups (1086 ? 95.88g) p <0.05. Difference in the post-moment for the TREI/SAL group (933.3 ? 51.87g) in relation to the TREI/DECA group (1086 ? 95.88g) p <0.05. NOR training did not differ between groups. Short-term learning. In the (A) SED/SAL, greater exploration of the new object, in the (B) SED/DECA, in this group there was a greater exploration of the familiar object, (C) TREI/SAL, greater exploration of the new object, (D) TREI/DECA there was no preference for any object. Long-term learning (A) SED/SAL greater exploration of the new object, (B) SED/DECA, greater exploration of the familiar object, (C) TREI/SAL, greater exploration of the new object, (D) TREI / DECA there was no preference for any object. Short-term memory (A) represents the data relative to the familiar object. SED/SAL (24.82 ? 5.7sec), SED/DECA (39.18 ? 15.4 sec) and TREI/SAL (14.00 ? 3.8 sec) p <0.05. SED/DECA (39.18?15.4 sec) TREI/SAL (14.00?3.8 sec) p<0.05, TREI/SAL (14.00?3,8 sec) TREI/DECA (30.18?16.2 sec) p<0.05. (B) represents the data relative to the new object. SED/SAL (36.55?10.5 sec) SED/DECA (24.91?10.3 sec) and TREI/SAL (55.18?10.9 sec) p<0.05. SED/DECA (24.91?10.3 sec) TREI/SAL (55.18?10.9 sec) p<0.05, TREI/SAL (55.18?10.9 sec) TREI/DECA (24.36?9.3 sec)<p,0.05. (C) represents the discrimination index in the short term memory SED / SAL (0.58 ? 0.1) SED / DECA (0.38 ? 0.12) and TREI / SAL (0.79 ? 0.04) p <0.05. SED/DECA (0.38?0.12) TREI/SAL (0.79?0.04) p<0.05, TREI/SAL (0.79?0.04) TREI/DECA (0.46?0.13) p<0.05. Long-term memory. (A) represents the data relative to the familiar object. SED/SAL (21.55?6.9 sec) SED/DECA (40.18?13.6 sec) p<0.05, SED/DECA (40.18?13.6 sec) TREI/SAL (15.00?8.4 sec) p<0.05, TREI/SAL (15.00?8.4 sec) TREI/DECA (28.18?9.1 sec) p<0.05. (B) represents the data relative to the new object. SED/SAL (40.45 ? 17.3 sec) SED/DECA (22.55 ? 4.6 sec) p <0.05. SED/DECA (22.55?4.7 sec) TREI/SAL (57.82?22.2 sec) p<0.05, TREI/SAL (57.82?22.2 sec) TREI/DECA (16.91?7.4 sec) p<0.05. (C) represents the index of discrimination in the long-term memory SED/SAL (0.63?0.1) SED/DECA (0.36?0.1) p<0.05, TREI/SAL (0.80?0.1) and TREI/DECA (0.38?0.1) p<0.05. SED/DECA (0.36?0.1) TREI/SAL (0.80?0.1) p<0.05, TREI/SAL (0.80?0.1) TREI/DECA (0.38?0.1) p<0.05. Conclusions: Resistance training proved to be efficient, as it managed to increase the work load during the 8 weeks of intervention, as well as to provide an improvement in the object recognition test, both in learning and in the short and long term memories. Nandrolone decanoate showed its anabolic effect, potentiating the effects of RT on muscle strength gain. However, it acted as a detrimental agent in brain function and caused learning impairments and memories. In addition, the ND associated with RT caused a suppression of the beneficial effects of RT on brain health, which impaired learning and memories

Deposition of tin oxide, iridium and iridium oxide films by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition for electrochemical wastewater treatment

In this research, the specific electrodes were prepared by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) in a hot-wall CVD reactor with the presence of O2 under reduced pressure. The Ir protective layer was deposited by using (Methylcyclopentadienyl) (1,5-cyclooctadiene) iridium (I), (MeCp)Ir(COD), as precursor. Tetraethyltin (TET) was used as precursor for the deposition of SnO2 active layer. The optimum condition for Ir film deposition was at 300 °C, 125 of O2/(MeCp)Ir(COD) molar ratio and 12 Torr of total pressure. While that of SnO2 active layer was at 380 °C, 1200 of O2/TET molar ratio and 15 Torr of total pressure. The prepared SnO2/Ir/Ti electrodes were tested for anodic oxidation of organic pollutant in a simple three-electrode electrochemical reactor using oxalic acid as model solution. The electrochemical experiments indicate that more than 80% of organic pollutant was removed after 2.1 Ah/L of charge has been applied. The kinetic investigation gives a two-step process for organic pollutant degradation, the kinetic was zero-order and first-order with respect to TOC of model solution for high and low TOC concentrations, respectively

Benznidazole biotransformation and multiple targets in <i>Trypanosoma</i> cruzi revealed by metabolomics

&lt;b&gt;Background&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; The first line treatment for Chagas disease, a neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, involves administration of benznidazole (Bzn). Bzn is a 2-nitroimidazole pro-drug which requires nitroreduction to become active, although its mode of action is not fully understood. In the present work we used a non-targeted MS-based metabolomics approach to study the metabolic response of T. cruzi to Bzn.&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Methodology/Principal findings&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; Parasites treated with Bzn were minimally altered compared to untreated trypanosomes, although the redox active thiols trypanothione, homotrypanothione and cysteine were significantly diminished in abundance post-treatment. In addition, multiple Bzn-derived metabolites were detected after treatment. These metabolites included reduction products, fragments and covalent adducts of reduced Bzn linked to each of the major low molecular weight thiols: trypanothione, glutathione, γ-glutamylcysteine, glutathionylspermidine, cysteine and ovothiol A. Bzn products known to be generated in vitro by the unusual trypanosomal nitroreductase, TcNTRI, were found within the parasites, but low molecular weight adducts of glyoxal, a proposed toxic end-product of NTRI Bzn metabolism, were not detected.&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Conclusions/significance&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; Our data is indicative of a major role of the thiol binding capacity of Bzn reduction products in the mechanism of Bzn toxicity against T. cruzi

First report of venereal and vertical transmission of canine leishmaniosis from naturally infected dogs in Germany

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is a zoonotic disease caused by <it>Leishmania (L.) infantum</it>. It is endemic to several tropical and subtropical countries but also to the Mediterranean region. It is transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies but occasional non-vector transmissions have been reported, including vertical and horizontal transmission.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>The authors report a case of CanL in a female boxer dog from Dusseldorf, Germany, that had never been in an endemic region. A serum sample from the bitch was tested positive for antibodies against <it>Leishmania </it>(IFAT 1:2,000, ELISA 72). The bitch had whelped three litters, and one puppy from the third litter was also found to be seropositive for <it>Leishmania </it>antibodies (IFAT 1:4,000, ELISA 78).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Up to now, despite intensive searching, the occurrence of sandflies could not be proved in the bitch's region of origin. Thus, vertical and horizontal transmission are to be discussed as possible ways of infection. This may be the first report of venereal and vertical transmission of <it>L. infantum </it>in naturally infected dogs in Germany.</p

Chromosomal disorders:estimating baseline birth prevalence and pregnancy outcomes worldwide

Chromosomal disorders, of which Down syndrome is the most common, can cause multi-domain disability. In addition, compared to the general population, there is a higher frequency of death before the age of five. In many settings, large gaps in data availability have hampered policy-making, programme priorities and resource allocation for these important conditions. We have developed methods, which overcome this lack of data and allow estimation of the burden of affected pregnancies and their outcomes in different settings worldwide. For example, the methods include a simple equation relating the percentage of mothers 35 and over to Down syndrome birth prevalence. The results obtained provide a starting point for consideration of services that can be implemented for the care and prevention of these disorders

Automatic segmentation of myocardium from black-blood MR images using entropy and local neighborhood information.

By using entropy and local neighborhood information, we present in this study a robust adaptive Gaussian regularizing Chan-Vese (CV) model to segment the myocardium from magnetic resonance images with intensity inhomogeneity. By utilizing the circular Hough transformation (CHT) our model is able to detect epicardial and endocardial contours of the left ventricle (LV) as circles automatically, and the circles are used as the initialization. In the cost functional of our model, the interior and exterior energies are weighted by the entropy to improve the robustness of the evolving curve. Local neighborhood information is used to evolve the level set function to reduce the impact of the heterogeneity inside the regions and to improve the segmentation accuracy. An adaptive window is utilized to reduce the sensitivity to initialization. The Gaussian kernel is used to regularize the level set function, which can not only ensure the smoothness and stability of the level set function, but also eliminate the traditional Euclidean length term and re-initialization. Extensive validation of the proposed method on patient data demonstrates its superior performance over other state-of-the-art methods