Consórcio palma-sorgo irrigado com diferentes lâminas de água no Semiárido brasileiro

The objective of this work was to evaluate the productive performance, biological efficiency, and the competitive ability of the forage cactus-sorghum intercropping under different irrigation depths with saline water in the Brazilian Semiarid Region. The experiment was carried out in Serra Talhada, in the state of Pernambuco, between 2014 and 2015, in a randomized complete block design, with four replicates, and a 5x3 factorial arrangement in split plots, with one year of forage cactus cycle and two years of sorghum cycles. The plots were composed by four irrigation water depths based on the fractions of 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the reference evapotranspiration, besides dry conditions; and the subplots consisted of three cropping systems (single crop of forage cactus, single crop of sorghum, and intercropping of forage cactus-sorghum). The increase of water irrigation depths increased the yields of sorghum in single crop and of the forage cactus-sorghum intercropping. The intercropping system promoted production stability with a higher system productivity index (SPI) for forage cactus-sorghum intercropping (6,279.02 kg ha-1 DM) than for forage cactus in single crop (4,626.98 kg ha-1 DM). The relative density coefficient (12.33) was indicative of the great compatibility of the intercropping system. The forage cactus-sorghum association shows biological advantage and competitiveness capacity, with a higher productive index than their monocultures.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho produtivo, a eficiência biológica e a habilidade competitiva do consórcio palma-sorgo sob irrigação com diferentes lâminas de água salina, no Semiárido brasileiro. O experimento foi realizado em Serra Talhada, PE, entre 2014 e 2015, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em arranjo fatorial 5x3, com parcelas subdivididas, tendo sido um ano de ciclo de palma e dois ciclos de sorgo. As parcelas foram compostas por quatro lâminas de irrigação com base nas frações de 25, 50, 75 e 100% da evapotranspiração de referência, além das condições de sequeiro, e as subparcelas consistiram de três sistemas de plantio (palma solteira, sorgo solteiro e consórcio palma-sorgo). O aumento das lâminas de água incrementou a produtividade do sorgo e do consórcio palma-sorgo. O consórcio promoveu estabilidade na produção, com índice de produtividade do sistema (IPS) palma-sorgo (6.279,02 kg ha-1 MS) maior que o de palma em cultivo solteiro (4.626,98 kg ha-1 MS). O coeficiente de adensamento relativo (12,33) foi indicativo de ótima compatibilidade do consórcio. A associação palma-sorgo apresenta vantagem biológica e capacidade competitiva com maior índice produtivo que os dos seus monocultivos

Eficiência biológica, habilidade competitiva e rentabilidade do sistema de consorciação palma-sorgo

As práticas de consorciação e irrigação são fundamentais para a estabilidade temporal da produção de forragem no Semiárido, onde os recursos hídricos, além de limitados na maioria das vezes possuem altos níveis de salinidade. Por outro lado, o uso dessas práticas depende da configuração adotada de culturas e da sua análise econômica. Com isso, objetivou-se analisar a eficiência biológica, habilidade competitiva e rentabilidade do sistema de consórcio palma-sorgo. A palma, cv. Orelha de Elefante Mexicana gênero (Opuntia stricta) e o sorgo forrageiro (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) cv. SF-15 foram distribuídos em blocos casualizados, composto por quatro repetições, em arranjo fatorial 5x3, nas quais as parcelas foram constituídas por quatro lâminas de irrigação (25%; 50%; 75% e 100% da evapotranspiração referência, ETo), a testemunha (condição de sequeiro) e as subparcelas com três sistemas de plantio (palma solteira, sorgo solteiro e palma-sorgo), com a proporção de plantio de 92% de plantas de sorgo (170.000 plantas ha-1) e 8% de palma (15.625 plantas ha-1). A palma foi conduzida durante um ano, compreendendo dois ciclos (planta e rebrota) do sorgo. A produtividade das culturas foi obtida na ocasião das colheitas. A eficiência biológica do consórcio foi determinada por meio dos índices de uso eficiente da terra (UET), razão área equivalente no tempo (RAET), índice de produtividade do sistema (IPS) e coeficiente equivalente de terra (CET). A habilidade do sistema de consórcio foi analisada pela razão de competição da palma (RCa), razão de competição do sorgo (RCb) agressividade (A) e perda ou ganho atual do rendimento (PGAR). A rentabilidade foi calculada a partir do sistema de Custo Operacional Total (COT) e de indicadores econômicos como renda bruta (RB), renda líquida (RL), vantagem monetária (VM), margem bruta (MB), relação benefício/custo (B/C) e índice de lucratividade (IL). Verificou-se que as produtividades individuais ou conjuntas de matéria seca no sistema palma solteira, sorgo solteiro, palma-sorgo, palma consorciada, e sorgo consorciado atingiram 4.626,98; 14.073,19; 12.130,00; 3.572,79; 8.557,22 kg ha-1, respectivamente. Houve redução da produtividade individual de matéria seca (MS) da palma e do sorgo em função do consórcio, de 28% e 39%, nessa ordem. O sistema palma-sorgo proporcionou vantagem produtiva de 51% (UET=1,51), quando comparado ao seu monocultivo. O índice CAR, A e RCa identificaram o sorgo como cultura dominada pela palma. Os custos para a implantação dos sistemas variaram de R$1.335,00 ha-1 a R$ 10.255,33 ha-1 a depender do tipo de sistema e da lâmina de irrigação aplicada. Os custos com o sistema de irrigação e insumos foram responsáveis por 84% dos custos totais. Os sistemas sorgo solteiro e palma-sorgo obtiveram os maiores valores de RB (R$6.201,30 ha-1 e R$ 6.007,53 ha-1). No entanto, os valores de RL, MB, e IL apresentaram valores negativos no primeiro ano de implantação dos sistemas. Assim, pode-se concluir que: (i) a lâmina de irrigação a partir de 50% da ETo é a mais recomendada nos sistemas sorgo solteiro ou consórcio palma-sorgo; (ii) quando consorciadas, a cultura do sorgo possui quebra de produtividade superior à cultura da palma; e, (iii) com base nos indicadores econômicos simulados para anos subsequentes, a adoção de eventos de irrigação e do sistema consorciado palma-sorgo promoveram lucros a partir do segundo ano de implantação.The intercropping and irrigation practices are essential to the forage production temporal stability in the semiarid region where water resources and limited most often have high salinity levels. Moreover, the use of these practices depends on the adopted configuration crops and their economic analysis. Thus, it aimed to analyze the biological efficiency, competitive ability and economic profitability of the cactus-sorghum intercropping system. Cactus forage cv. Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (Opuntia stricta) and sorghum forage, cv. SF-15 were distributed in blocks, with four repetitions, in factorial arrangement 5 x 3, in which the plots were composed of four irrigation blades (25%; 50% 75% and 100%; based on reference evapotranspiration, ETo) plus the rainfed condition, and the subplots for three planting systems (cactus forage single, sorghum single and cactus forage-sorghum intercropping), with the planting proportions in the consortium of 92% of sorghum plants (170,000 plants ha-1) and 8% of the cactus forage (15,625 plants ha-1). The cactus forage was conducted during a year, comprising two cycles of sorghum (plant and ratoon). The crops yield was obtained at the time of the harvest. The biological efficiency of the intercropping was determined through the land use efficiency (LUE), land area equivalent in time (LAET), productivity index system (PIS) and land equivalent coefficient (LEC). Soon, the system ability was analyzed by competition ratio (CR), aggression (A) and yield actual loss or gains (YALG). Economic viability was calculated from the system's Total Operating cost (TOC) and of economic indicators as gross income (GI), net income (NI), monetary advantage (MA), gross margin (GM), benefit/cost ratio (B/R) and profitability index (PI). With the results, it was found that the individual or joint dry matter yield in the cactus forage single, sorghum single, intercropping cactus forage-sorgo, cactus forage of the intercropping and sorghum of the intercropping were 4,626.98; 14,073.19; 12,130.00; 3,572.79 and 8,557.22 kg ha-1, respectively. There was a reduction of the individual productivity of cactus forage and sorghum on the basis of the intercropping of 72% and 61%. The cactus forage-sorghum system provided 51% productive advantage (UET = 1.51), when compared to your monoculture. The A and PGAR indexes identified as sorghum crop dominated by cactus forage. According to economic analysis, the COT between irrigation blades treatments within the same production system varied little, depending only of the expenses with electric energy. However, when compared between rainfed and irrigated systems were checked values ranging from R$1,335.00 ha-1 the R$ 10255.33 ha-1. The cost of irrigation system and supplies accounted for 84% of the total costs. Sorghum systems and intercropping cactus forage-sorghum attained the highest values of RB (R$6,201.30 ha-1 and R$ 6,007.53 ha-1). However, the values of RL, VM, MB, B/C and IL presented negative values, indicating losses of the systems in the first year of cultivation. Thus, it was concluded: (i) irrigation blade from 50% of the ETo is the most recommended in sorghum single and cactus forage-sorghum intercropping systems; (ii) on the intercropping the sorghum has breaks in productivity higher than the cactus forage; and, (iii) based on simulated economic indicators for subsequent years, the adoption of irrigation events and cactus forage-sorghum intercropping system promoted profits from the second year of implementation.Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPqCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPE

Morphology, production and nutritive value of Stylosanthes ssp. under cutting intensities

O manejo da colheita influencia a produção, capacidade de rebrotação e características morfológicas das plantas forrageiras. Além disso, a conservação de leguminosas forrageiras, como o Stylosanthes, por meio do processo de fenação, pode reduzir os impactos negativos da escassez de forragem. Objetivou-se avaliar a variabilidade morfológica e produtiva de espécies de Stylosanthes manejadas sob diferentes alturas de corte, estimar parâmetros genéticos, valor nutritivo, interceptação de luz, sobrevivência de espécies e determinar a curva de desidratação durante o processo de produção de feno. O experimento foi realizado na Estação Experimental de Cana-de-açúcar de Carpina (EECAC) da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco-UFRPE. Foram avaliadas cinco espécies de Stylosanthes (S. scabra A, S. scabra B, S. mucronata, S. macrocephala e S. humilis submetidas a três intensidade de corte (10, 20 e 30 cm) na época seca e chuvosa dos anos de 2017 e 2018. Os tratamentos foram casualizados em blocos, em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas (as espécies corresponderam a parcela principal e as intensidades, a subparcela), com quatro repetições. O intervalo de corte adotado foi de 77 dias. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características: altura e largura da planta, diâmetro do caule principal, número de folhas por ramo, número de ramos basais, relação folha:caule, número de ramos primários, diâmetro e comprimento dos ramos primários e comprimento e largura dos folíolos. As espécies de S. macrocephala e S. mucronata apresentaram plantas mais altas em todas as intensidades de corte avaliadas, com médias de 63, 55, 48 e 48 cm, respectivamente no período chuvoso e seco. O S. macrocephala e S. mucronata apresentaram as maiores médias de largura de planta. As espécies de S. scabra e S. humilis apresentaram o maior número de ramos basais no período chuvoso (5 e 6, respectivamente). O número de ramos primários foi maior no período chuvoso, sendo de 41,5; 29,3; 22,4e 37,4 para as espécies de S. scabra A, S. macrocephala. S. mucronata e S. humilis, respectivamente. O menor número de ramos primários e secundários, número de folhas por ramo, e comprimento dos ramos primários e secundários foram observados no período seco. A mortalidade variou entre espécies e período do ano. A produção do S. humilis foi de 3,7 e 1,1 Mg ha¹ no período chuvoso e seco, respectivamente. A produção média para as espécies S. scabra A, S. scabra B, S. macrocephala e S. mucronata foi de 2,5; 2,8; 2,4 e 2,0 Mg ha¹. Foi observada elevada herdabilidade para o comprimento dos ramos terciários (73,6) e largura do folíolo central (99,4). O coeficiente de variação genética (CVg) foi elevado para número de ramos basais (51,7), número de folhas por planta (53,5), largura do folíolo central (29,8), largura do folíolo lateral direito (26,1) e massa seca (25,8). A relação entre o coeficiente de variação genética e ambiental (CVg/ CVe) foi superior a 1. A relação folha:caule foi de 0,9 a 1,8 para o S. humilis e S. scabra B, respectivamente. A mortalidade no período chuvoso foi de 22; 31; 2; 5 e 4 % para o S. scabra A, S. scabra B, S. macrocephala, S. mucronata e S. humilis, e de 30; 32; 43; 17 e 33 % no período seco, respectivamente. O S. scabra A e B apresentaram concentração média de PB de 176 g.kg¹, menores teores de FDN (456 g.kg¹), e FDA (279 g.kg¹), e maiores médias de DIVMS (696 e 669 g.kg-1, respectivamente) podendo ser consideradas promissoras para o cultivo. O processo de desidratação provocou pequenas modificações nas concentrações de PB das espécies estudadas, porém houve amento nas concentrações de FDN e FDA. As espécies de Stylosanthes S. scabra A S. scabra B, S mucronata e S. humilis apresentaram fenos com menores concentrações de FDN e FDA. O período de desidratação a campo de 48 horas foi suficiente para espécies de Stylosanthes atingirem o teor de umidade inferior ou igual a 200 g.kg-1, indicando a possiblidade de produção de feno em reduzido intervalo de tempo. O feno das espécies de Stylosanthes demonstraram boas características de composição químico-bromatológica. A variabilidade observada entre os acessos de Stylosanthes possibilita avanços na seleção de materiais mais adaptados, além do uso de adequada intensidade de corte e conservação do material na forma de feno.The harvest management affects the production, regrowth capacity, and morphological characteristics of forage plants. Additionally, the conservation of forage legumes, such as Stylosanthes, through the haymaking process may help to reduce the negative impact of reduced forage quantity and quality in the dry season on animal production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphological and productive variability of Stylosanthes species managed at different cutting heights, to estimate genetic parameters, the forage nutritive value, light interception, survival, and the dehydration curve during the haymaking process. The experiment was carried out at the Sugarcane Experimental Station of Carpina-EECAC/UFRPE. Five species of Stylosanthes (S. scabra A, S. scabra B, S. mucronate, S. macrocephala and S. humilis) were evaluated under three cutting intensities (10, 20, and 30 cm) in the dry and rainy season of the years of 2017 and 2018. The treatments were randomized in blocks with a split-plot arrangement (species were allocated to the main plots and the cutting intensities to subplots), with four replications. The harvest interval adopted was 77 days. The following characteristics were evaluated: plant height and width, diameter of the main stem, number of leaves per branch, number of basal branches, leaf:stem ratio, number of primary branches, diameter and length of the primary branches, and leaflets length and width. The S. macrocephala and S. mucronata species of showed taller plants in all evaluated cutting intensities, with averages of 63; 55 and 48; 48 cm, in the rainy and dry period, respectively. The S. macrocephala and S. mucronata showed the greatest plant width. The S. scabra (5.2) and S. humilis (5.8) showed the largest number of basal branches the rainy season. The S. scabra A, S. macrocephala, S. mucronata, and S. humilis showed the greater number of primary branches in the rainy season (42, 29, 22, 37, respectively). Lesser number of primary and secondary branches, number of leaves per branch, and length of primary and secondary branches were observed in the dry period. The mortality (%) varied among species and year period. The S. humilis forage production was 3.7 and 1.1 Mg ha¹ in the rainy and dry periods, respectively. The average forage production for S. scabra A, S. scabra B, S. macrocephala and S. mucronata was 2.5, 2.8, 2.4, and 2 Mg ha¹, respectively. High heritability was observed for the length of the tertiary branches (73.6) and width of the central leaflet (99.4). The coefficient of genetic variation (CVg) was greater for the number of basal branches (51.7), number of leaves per plant (53.5), width of the central leaflet (29.8), width of the right lateral leaflet (26.1), and dry mass (25.8). The relationship between the coefficient of genetic and environmental variation (VCg / VCe) was greater than 1. The leaf:stem ratio was 0.9 to 1.8 for S. humilis and S. scabra B, respectively. The mortality in the rainy season was 23, 30, 26, 5, and 4% for S. scabra A, S. scabra B, S. macrocephala, S. mucronata and S. humilis, and 30, 32, 43, 17, and 33 % for the dry period, respectively. The S. scabra A and B had an average CP concentration of ~176g.kg¹, lesser NDF (~456 g.kg¹) and ADF (~279 g.kg¹)) and greater IVDMD (696 and 669 g.kg-1, respectively) compared to other species, being considered promising for cultivation. The dehydration process resulted in little variation in the CP concentrations of the studied species, but the NDF and ADF concentrations were increased. The Stylosanthes S. scabra A, S. scabra B, S mucronata, and S. humilis showed lower NDF and ADF concentrations in the hay. The 48h field dehydration period was enough for Stylosanthes species archive the moisture content of less than or equal to 200 g.kg-1, indicating the possibility of hay production in a short period of time. The hay of Stylosanthes species showed good characteristics of chemical-bromatological composition. The variability observed between the accesses of Stylosanthes allows advances in the selection of more adapted materials, in addition to the use of adequate cutting intensity and conservation of the material in the form of hay.Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNP

CRESCIMENTO E PRODUTIVIDADE DE CLONES DE PALMA FORRAGEIRA NO SEMIÁRIDO E RELAÇÕES COM VARIÁVEIS METEOROLÓGICAS

The objective was to evaluate the performance of growth and productivity of three cactus for-age clones, resistant to Cochineal Carmine, grown under irrigated conditions in the Brazilian semi-arid region. The clones evaluated were: IPA Sertânia (IPA), Miúda (MIU) and the Orelha Elefante Mexicana (OEM), be-tween February 2010 and February 2012, in Serra Talhada, State of Pernambuco. To the end of the crop cycle morphological data were obtained from plants (canopy height and width, cladode total number, cladode number by order of emergence and cladode area index) and cladode (length, width, thickness, perimeter and area), and crop productive parameters (crop fresh and dry matter yield, and final density of plants per hectare). Path anal-ysis was applied to evaluate the influence of meteorological variables (global solar radiation, air temperature and relative humidity, wind speed and rain) on the growth of cactus forage. It was found that the OEM and IPA were those who stood out most of the morphological characteristics. But, in terms of cladode number, the MIU is the clone of greater emission (> 35 units), however it has been demonstrated as the clone less productive in terms of fresh mass (117.5 t ha-1), along with the IPA. The OEM stood out as the most productive clone (163.0 t ha-1). However, there was no difference in productivity in dry basis between the clones (12.6 ± 2.0 t ha-1). The IPA has the highest mortality of plants (10.4%). Meteorological variables showed effect lower on the evolution of crop growth (< 33.1%)

Forage cactus-sorghum intercropping at different irrigation water depths in the Brazilian Semiarid Region

<div><p>Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the productive performance, biological efficiency, and the competitive ability of the forage cactus-sorghum intercropping under different irrigation depths with saline water in the Brazilian Semiarid Region. The experiment was carried out in Serra Talhada, in the state of Pernambuco, between 2014 and 2015, in a randomized complete block design, with four replicates, and a 5x3 factorial arrangement in split plots, with one year of forage cactus cycle and two years of sorghum cycles. The plots were composed by four irrigation water depths based on the fractions of 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the reference evapotranspiration, besides dry conditions; and the subplots consisted of three cropping systems (single crop of forage cactus, single crop of sorghum, and intercropping of forage cactus-sorghum). The increase of water irrigation depths increased the yields of sorghum in single crop and of the forage cactus-sorghum intercropping. The intercropping system promoted production stability with a higher system productivity index (SPI) for forage cactus-sorghum intercropping (6,279.02 kg ha-1 DM) than for forage cactus in single crop (4,626.98 kg ha-1 DM). The relative density coefficient (12.33) was indicative of the great compatibility of the intercropping system. The forage cactus-sorghum association shows biological advantage and competitiveness capacity, with a higher productive index than their monocultures.</p></div

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data