10 research outputs found
Model for a dune field with exposed water table
Aeolian transport in coastal areas can be significantly affected by the
presence of an exposed water table. In some dune fields, such as in
Len\c{c}\'ois Maranhenses, northeastern Brazil, the water table oscillates in
response to seasonal changes of rainfall and rates of evapotranspiration,
rising above the ground during the wet season and sinking below in the dry
period. A quantitative understanding of dune mobility in an environment with
varying groundwater level is essential for coastal management as well as for
the study of long-term evolution of many dune fields. Here we apply a model for
aeolian dunes to study the genesis of coastal dune fields in presence of an
oscillating water table. We find that the morphology of the field depends on
the time cycle, , of the water table and the maximum height,
, of its oscillation. Our calculations show that long chains of
barchanoids alternating with interdune ponds such as found at Len\c{c}\'ois
Maranhenses arise when is of the order of the dune turnover
time, whereas dictates the growth rate of dune height with
distance downwind. We reproduce quantitatively the morphology and size of dunes
at Len\c{c}\'ois Maranhenses, as well as the total relative area between dunes.Comment: 12 pages, 12 figure
Das Verh\ue4ltnis zwischen Experiment und Gedankenexperiment in den Naturwissenschaften
To understand the reciprocal autonomy and complementarity of thought and real experiment, it is necessary to distinguish between a \u2018positive\u2019 (empirical or formal) and a
transcendental perspective. Empirically and formally, real and thought experiments are indistinguishable.
However, from a reflexive-transcendental viewpoint thought experiment is at the same time irreducible and complementary to real experiment. This is due to the fact that the hypothetical-anticipatory moment is in principle irreducible to physical reality\u2014even though it refers to physical reality and is bound with the empirical use of our understanding.
The presence of counterfactuals is the condition of the possibility for thought experiments to become in principle real ones, by means of a series of technical realisations that gradually
approximate the idealisations that they contain
Erosional and Depositional Characteristics of Regional Overwash Deposits Caused by Multiple Hurricanes
Regional-scale washover deposits along the Florida Gulf and Atlantic coasts induced by multiple hurricanes in 2004 and 2005 were studied through coring, trenching, ground-penetrating radar imaging, aerial photography, and prestorm and poststorm beach-profile surveys. Erosional and depositional characteristics in different barrier-island sub-environments, including dune field, interior wetland and back-barrier bay were examined. Over the eroded dune fields, the washover deposits are characterized by an extensive horizontal basal erosional surface truncating the old dune deposits and horizontal to slightly landward-dipping stratification. Over the marshes in the barrier-island interior, the washover deposits are characterized by steep tabular bedding, with no erosion at the bottom. Overwash into the back-barrier bay produced the thickest deposits characterized by steep, prograding sigmoidal bedding. No significant erosional feature was observed at the bottom. Washover deposits within the dense interior mangrove swamp demonstrate both normal and reversed graded bedding. The washover deposits caused by hurricanes Frances (2004) and Jeanne (2004) along the southern Florida Atlantic coast barrier islands are substantially different from those along the northern Florida barrier islands caused by Ivan (2004) and Dennis (2005) in terms of regional extension, erosional features and sedimentary structures. These differences are controlled by different overall barrier-island morphology, vegetation type and density, and sediment properties. The homogeneity of sediment along the northern Florida coast makes distinguishing between washover deposits from Ivan and Dennis difficult. In contrast, along the Atlantic coast barrier islands, the two overwash events, as demonstrated by two phases of graded bedding of the bimodal sediments, are easily distinguishable
Characterization of hard‐to‐differentiate dune stratification types in the Permian Coconino Sandstone (Arizona, USA)
Dune stratification types, which include grainfall, grainflow and ripple lamination, provide a record of the fine‐scale processes that deposited sediment on palaeo‐dune foresets. While these facies are relatively easy to distinguish in some cross‐bedded sandstones, for others – like the Permian Coconino Sandstone of northern and central Arizona – discrete stratification styles are hard to recognize at the bedding scale. Furthermore, few attempts have been made to classify fine‐scale processes in this sandstone, despite its renown as a classic aeolian dune deposit and Grand Canyon formation. To interpret depositional processes in the Coconino Sandstone, cross‐bed facies were characterized using a suite of sedimentary textures and structures. Bedding parameters were described at multiple scales via a combination of field and laboratory methods, including annotated outcrop photomosaics, strike and dip measurements, sandstone disaggregation and laser‐diffraction particle analysis, high‐resolution scans of thin sections, and scanning electron microscopy. Cross‐beds were observed to be laterally extensive along‐strike, with most dip angles ranging from the mid‐teens to mid‐twenties. While some cross‐bed sets are statistically coarser near their bases, others exhibit no significant vertical sorting trends. Both massive and laminated textures are visible in high‐resolution scans of thin sections, but laminae contacts are commonly indistinct, making normal and reverse grading difficult to define. Diagenetic features, such as stylolite seams and large pores, are also present in some samples and might indicate alteration of original textures like detrital clay laminae and carbonate minerals. Observed textures and sedimentary structures suggest that the cross‐beds may consist of grainflow and grainfall deposits, but these remain difficult to differentiate at outcrop and thin‐section scales. This characterization of fine‐scale processes will play a critical part in the development of depositional models for the Coconino Sandstone and elucidate interpretations for similar cross‐bedded formations