p21-Activated Kinases Are Required for Transformation in a Cell-Based Model of Neurofibromatosis Type 2

NF2 is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by development of bilateral vestibular schwannomas and other benign tumors in central nervous system. Loss of the NF2 gene product, Merlin, leads to aberrant Schwann cell proliferation, motility, and survival, but the mechanisms by which this tumor suppressor functions remain unclear. One well-defined target of Merlin is the group I family of p21-activated kinases, which are allosterically inhibited by Merlin and which, when activated, stimulate cell cycle progression, motility, and increased survival. Here, we examine the effect of Pak inhibition on cells with diminished Merlin function.Using a specific peptide inhibitor of group I Paks, we show that loss of Pak activity restores normal cell movement in cells lacking Merlin function. In addition, xenografts of such cells form fewer and smaller tumors than do cells without Pak inhibition. However, in tumors, loss of Pak activity does not reduce Erk or Akt activity, two signaling proteins that are thought to mediate Pak function in growth factor pathways.These results suggest that Pak functions in novel signaling pathways in NF2, and may serve as a useful therapeutic target in this disease

Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), through their complex cargo, can reflect the state of their cell of origin and change the functions and phenotypes of other cells. These features indicate strong biomarker and therapeutic potential and have generated broad interest, as evidenced by the steady year-on-year increase in the numbers of scientific publications about EVs. Important advances have been made in EV metrology and in understanding and applying EV biology. However, hurdles remain to realising the potential of EVs in domains ranging from basic biology to clinical applications due to challenges in EV nomenclature, separation from non-vesicular extracellular particles, characterisation and functional studies. To address the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) updates its 'Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles', which was first published in 2014 and then in 2018 as MISEV2014 and MISEV2018, respectively. The goal of the current document, MISEV2023, is to provide researchers with an updated snapshot of available approaches and their advantages and limitations for production, separation and characterisation of EVs from multiple sources, including cell culture, body fluids and solid tissues. In addition to presenting the latest state of the art in basic principles of EV research, this document also covers advanced techniques and approaches that are currently expanding the boundaries of the field. MISEV2023 also includes new sections on EV release and uptake and a brief discussion of in vivo approaches to study EVs. Compiling feedback from ISEV expert task forces and more than 1000 researchers, this document conveys the current state of EV research to facilitate robust scientific discoveries and move the field forward even more rapidly

Changes in transpiration data in plants of the genus Solanum

A study was carried out of the physiological parameters of the tomato variety “Barberry F1”, under the influence of an external factor, at night in the conditions of the Moscow region. Parameters such as transpiration were observed. According to the results of the experiment, there are significant differences between the two variants of the experiment (control and experiment). Under the influence of the limiting factor, there is a general increase in the efficiency of transpiration; in addition to the general increase, changes occur in the studied parameters under the conditions of dividing the plant into tiers. Thus, in the control plant, the middle leaves show significant differences from the upper and lower tier, whereas in the experiment this difference is significant only in some cases

Research into the influence of organic and inorganic compounds on the development of winter wheat

The paper present the historical scope of the triterpene acids usage in agriculture and industry. On the territory of the Russian Federation, according to data for 2023, 4 agrochemicals based on triterpene acids are registered: “Biosil”, “Alfastim”, “Verva”, “Novosil”. Experimental studies carried out in laboratory conditions using original techniques and GLP- practices allow to determine effective concentrations systematically improving the state of organs and tissues of cereals at different stages of ontogenesis. Both triterpene-containing and chelated forms of trace elements shown to affect the effective development of roots and stems. Work in this direction is laborious, however, it expands the variability of knowledge on crop quality and volume management and requires expanding of the research

Influence of limiting factors on the physiologicale processes of plants of the genus

The effect on transpiration in tomato on different tiers (Crisis tiers) was studied, which consisted of increasing transpiration parameters in option 1 (Standard) and option 2 (Load). The influence of regulated photosynthetic flow on the studied tomato under different conditions was studied. Changes in transpiration parameters (from 1.4*10-5 mol m-2 s-1 to 1.3*10-3 mol m-2 s-1) are reflected in the graphs. The portable LI-COR LI- 6800 system successfully measured several parameters in the same area of the leaf: photosynthesis (µmol m-2 s-1), transpiration (mol m-2 s-1), stomatal conductance (mol m-2 s -1). The average level of transpiration in the studied tomato on crisis tiers is different and is, in option 1 (Standard): 1.6 *10-4 mol m-2 s-1± 1*10-5 mol m-2 s-1, in option 2 (Load): 3.1 *10-4 mol m-2 s-1 ± 2*10-5 mol m-2 s-1. The average level of transpiration of the studied tomato on the control layer, in option 1 (standard) is 2.2 * 10-4 mol m-2 s-1 ± 3 * 10-6 mol m-2 s-1, in option 2 (Load) is 3.6 *10-4 mol m-2 s-1 ± 4 *10-6 mol m-2 s-1

On the question of compared indicators of physiological development in plants of the

On a typical Russian tomato hybrid, Solanum lycopersicum 'Vernost' F1, studies of stress factors were carried out, tracking physiological reactions to stress. Influence of Rhizopus nigricans culture was revealed on the transpiration of the studied tomato hybrid at different stress tiers, which consisted in increasing the transpiration parameters. The level of transpiration in the studied tomato plants on stress tiers is different and varied in diapason: from 1.5 *10-4 mol m-2 s-1± 1*10-5 mol m-2 s-1 (in standard) to 3.9 *10-4 mol m-2 s-1 ± 2*10-5 mol m-2 s-1(Load). Such studies are necessary for a fundamental understanding of the possibility of biological implementation of plant hybrids

Elicited changes in the individual transpiration rates of the

In this study tomato plants are affected by infecting stress factor and subjected to photonic pumping. The pathogen can cause symptoms of diseases that are dangerous for plants and are exibited on the level of organs of plant by changes in metabolism rates. The objective of this study is to trace the modification of transpiration parameters patterns of green tomato leaves under the influence of the stress factor, to provide means to assess damage and to further restore optimal parameters of plant growth and development

Supplementary Data from An Essential Role for the Tumor-Suppressor Merlin in Regulating Fatty Acid Synthesis

Supplemental files describing metabolic alterations in NF2-deficient cells, supplementary materials and methods, and supportive data regarding the effects of FASN inhibitors or knockdown on various metabolic processes in WT and NF2-deficient cells.</p