Challenging Religious Authority: the Emergence of Salafi Ustadhs in Indonesia

With Muslims as majority population, religious authority plays important roles in Indonesia. This paper tries to show the map of religious authority in Indonesia both in history and the recent development. The paper shows that, in the past, religious authority in Indonesia were possesed by the kyai and other traditional religious leaders. However, there is an emergence of the new religious elites in Indonesia, the muballigh, the dai and the last is the salafi ustadhs. In addition, this paper also discusses the contestation between the established power of religious authority and the the newly emerged salafi ustadh. Feeling threatened by the changging trend and the influence of the salaf, there are various responses from the existing authorities. The responses vary from discussion to violence. One example is the mubahathah held between Persis and Salafi. Through the event, both parties tried to contest and challenge each other's authority. Using religious arguments and using some religious symbols, both parties actually try to maintain their religious authority

Rancang Bangun Dapur Lebur Aluminium Kapasitas 20 Kg Skala Laboratorium

Pengecoran adalah salah satu teknik pembuatan produk dimana logam dicairkan dalam tungku peleburan kemudian dituangkan kedalam rongga cetakan yang serupa dengan bentuk asli dari produk cor yang akan dibuat. Pada saat ini banyak dilakukan penelitian pengecoran logam khususnya aluminium dengan berbagai macam bahan bakar seperti minyak solar, minyak tanah, gas LPG, batu bara dan sebagainya, baik dikalangan universitas maupun di suatu badan penelitian. Untuk dapat melakukan pengecoran logam maka harus dilengkapi dengan alat peleburan yang mendukung. Hal inilah yang mendorong penulis untuk melakukan perencanaan dapur lebur aluminium dengan kapasitas 20 kg untuk skala laboratorium dengan bahan bakar gas LPG, mengingat masih minimnya fasilitas yang tersedia di Laboratorium Proses Produksi Teknik Sekolah Tinggi Teknik Harapan. Dalam melakukan perancang dapur lebur ini, penulis melakukan studi literatur dan survey lapangan untuk mempelajari dan melihat model-model rancang bangun dapur alumunium. Dari hasil perencanaan diperoleh dapur pelebur dengan tipe dapur Crucible, dengan diameter dapur 560 mm, tinggi dapur 520 mm, diameter luar cawan 220 mm, tebal cawan 20 mm, tinggi cawan 355 mm

Data-Discriminants of Likelihood Equations

Maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is a fundamental computational problem in statistics. The problem is to maximize the likelihood function with respect to given data on a statistical model. An algebraic approach to this problem is to solve a very structured parameterized polynomial system called likelihood equations. For general choices of data, the number of complex solutions to the likelihood equations is finite and called the ML-degree of the model. The only solutions to the likelihood equations that are statistically meaningful are the real/positive solutions. However, the number of real/positive solutions is not characterized by the ML-degree. We use discriminants to classify data according to the number of real/positive solutions of the likelihood equations. We call these discriminants data-discriminants (DD). We develop a probabilistic algorithm for computing DDs. Experimental results show that, for the benchmarks we have tried, the probabilistic algorithm is more efficient than the standard elimination algorithm. Based on the computational results, we discuss the real root classification problem for the 3 by 3 symmetric matrix~model.Comment: 2 table

Opportunities for Practicing Sustainable Building Construction in Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Construction sector of Kurdistan region of Republic of Iraq has witnessed a huge development in construction sector last ten years. However, there are lack of awareness and legislation regarding the sustainable construction in buildings sector. The aim of the paper is to find the required mechanism to introduce sustainable practice and implement sustainable construction in the buildings construction sector at Northern Iraq. The main objectives in this study are identifying the barriers in sustainable construction at Northern Iraq and investigate the law and regulations in dealing with these barriers

Karak syndrome: a novel degenerative disorder of the basal ganglia and cerebellum

Two brothers are reported with early onset progressive cerebellar ataxia, dystonia, spasticity, and intellectual decline. • Neuroradiology showed cerebellar atrophy and features compatible with iron deposition in the putamen (including the “eye of the tiger sign”) and substantia nigra. • Diagnosis was compatible with pantothenate kinase associated neuropathy resulting from pantothenate kinase 2 mutation (PKAN due to PANK2) but linkage to PNAK2 was eliminated suggesting Karak syndrome to be a novel disorder. • The “eye of the tiger” sign has previously only been reported to occur in PKAN due to PKAN

Challenges That Hinder Parturients to Deliver in Health Facilities: a Qualitative Analysis in Two Districts of Indonesia

Background: There are many challenges women face to be able to give birth in health facilities in many parts of Indonesia. This study explores the roles and observations of close-to-community maternal health providers and other community members on potential barriers faced by women to deliver in health facilities in two districts within The Archipelago. Methods: Employing an explorative qualitative approach, 110 semi-structured interviews and 7 focus group discussions were conducted in 8 villages in Southwest Sumba, in the East Nusa Tenggara province, and in 8 villages in Cianjur, in the West Java province. The participants included village midwives, Posyandu volunteer (village health volunteers), traditional birth attendants (TBAs), mothers, men, village heads and district health officials. Results: The main findings were mostly similar in the two study areas. However, there were some key differences. Preference for TBA care, traditional beliefs, a lack of responsiveness of health providers to local traditions, distance, cost of travel and indirect costs of accompanying family members were all barriers to patients attending health facilities for the birth of their child. TBAs were the preferred health providers in most cases due to their close proximity at the time of childbirth and their adherence to traditional practices during pregnancy and delivery. Conclusions: Improving collaborations between midwives and TBAs, collaboration, and responsiveness to traditional practices within health facilities and effective health promotion campaigns about the benefits of giving birth in health facilities may increase the use of health facilities in both study areas.&nbsp

Penerapanimetodeicapitaliassetipricingimodeli(capm) Sebagai Dasar Pengambilan Keputusan Investasi Saham (Studi Pada Perusahaan Yang Terdaftar Di Indeks Idx30 Periode Juli 2012-juni 2015)

This research aims to classify efficient shares and inefficient shares using CAPM method so investors are able to make a precise investment decision. CAPM method is used to assess the relation between risk and expected return of investment. The type of research is descriptive research with quantitative approach. The research population consists of 30 companies which had been listed on IDX30 in 2012-2015 and 15 companies among them are the research sample. The result showed that the majority of shares results a positive return for the research period and there are only 3 shares result a negative return. A stock with the lowest beta has the lowest expected return as well and a stock with the highest beta has the highest expected return too. That is proving that there is a positive and linear relationship between systematic risk and expected return. Besides, there are 9 efficient shares and 6 inefficient shares based on CAPM method. Efficient shares are undervalued shares (cheap) that have bigger individual return than its expected return [Ri>E(Ri)], while inefficient shares are shares with smaller individual return than its expected return [Ri<E(Ri)] and classified as overvalued shares (expensive)

Kekuasaan Pengaturan Mahkamah Agung Tentang Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan dan Jumlah Denda dalam KUHP dalam Sistem Hukum Pidana

Dalam sistem peradilan pidana terdapat beberapa lembaga untuk melakukan penegakan hukum selain hakim, yaitu Polisi sebagai penyidik dan Jaksa sebagai penuntut umum, dalam praktiknya penerapan Perma Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 dapat menggangu tertib hukum dan menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum baik itu penyidik dan jaksa penuntut umum. Kekuasaan pengaturan Mahkamah Agung tentang batasan tindak pidana ringan dan jumlah denda dalam KUHP dalam sistem hukum pidana yaitu peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 diperintahkan oleh peraturan yang lebih tinggi atau dibentuk berdasarkan kewenangan, dan Implementasi Perma Nomor 2 Tahun 2012 Tentang Penyesuaian Batasan Tindak Pidana Ringan Dan Jumlah Denda Dalam KUHP dalam sistem Peradilan pidana, pada dasarnya sudah berjalan akan tetapi masih belum efektif dikarenakan masih dijumpai pro dan kontra.A criminal justice system includes several institutions for enforcing law besides judges, they are Police as investigators and prosecutors as public prosecution, in its practice the application of Perma Number 2, 2012 might have troble on legal issue and cause legal uncertainty either investigators and prosecutors. The power of regulating the Supreme Court on the limits of petty crimes and the amount of fines in the Indonesian Criminal Code in the criminal law system that is the Supreme Court Regulation Number 2, 2012 ordered by higher regulations or established by authority, and the Implementation of Perma Number 2, 2012 on the Adjustment Limit of Petty Crimes and the amount of fines in the Criminal Code in the criminal justice system, basically it has been going but it is still not effective as there are pros and cons

Identifikasi Mutasi Noktah Pada Gen Voltage Gated Sodium Channel Aedes Aegypti Resisten Terhadap Insektisida Pyrethroid Di Semarang Jawa Tengah

The identification of a point mutation in voltage-gated sodium channel gene was conducted on the major of dengue vector Aedes aegypti from Simongan Village, Semarang Municypality Central Java, which occurred to be resistant toward malathion and cypermethrin base on WHO methodology standard (impregnated paper). The objectives of this studi was to identify the point mutation on the codon 1014 of voltage gated sodium channel gene of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes which was associated with the vector resistance of pyrethroid group. The detection of a point mutation of voltage-gated sodium channel was conducted using DNA extraction and semi nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the mosquitoes resistant strain. The susceptibility test (as a screening resistant phenotype) showed that few samples of Ae. aegypti from Simongan Village, Semarang Municypality Central Java resistant to malathion 0,8 % ( organophosphate group ) and cypermethrin 0,25 % (pyrethroid group). The sequencing result showed that there has been a mutation from the leucine (TTA) which turned to be phenylalanin (TTT) (kdr-w type) on the codon 1014 at the voltage gated sodium channel gene of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes from Simongan Village, Semarang Municypality Central Java, which was associated with the pyrethroid insecticide resistance. There were 78 % mosquitoes which brought mutation alel kdr-w type on the codon 1014 F. Therefore dengue vector control activities should not use any pyrethroid insecticide group. Key Words : Resistance, Aedes aegypti, Voltage Gated Sodium Channel (VGSC), Point Mutation. Abstrak Identifikasi mutasi noktah pada gen Voltage Gated Sodium Channel (VGSC) telah dilakukan pada nyamuk Aedes aegypti dari Kelurahan Simongan Kota Semarang, yang telah resisten terhadap insektisida Malathion dan Cypermethrin pada screening susceptibility test (Standar WHO Impregnated paper). Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mendeteksi mutasi pada kodon 1014 gen VGSC nyamuk Aedes aegypti yang berkaitan dengan resistensi vektor terhadap insektisida kelompok pirethroid. Deteksi mutasi gen VGSC dilakukan dengan metode ekstraksi DNA dan amplifikasi seminested PCR pada nyamuk yang telah resisten. Hasil penapisan uji resistensi menunjukan beberapa sample nyamuk Aedes aegypti dari Kota Semarang resisten terhadap insektisida cypermethrin 0,25 % (kelompok pyrethroid) dan malathion 0,8 % (kelompok organofosfat). Berdasarkan hasil konfirmasi sekuensing telah terjadi mutasi pada kodon 1014 dari leusin (TTA) menjadi fenilalanin (TTT) tipe kdr-w, gen VGSC pada nyamuk Aedes aegypti dari Kelurahan Simongan Kota Semarang, yang berkaitan dengan resistensi terhadap insektisida kelompok pyrethroid. Terdapat 78% dari sembilan larva membawa mutasi alel kdr-w pada kodon 1014F. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, disarankan bahwa pengendalian vekor DBD di Kota Semarang menggunakan insektisida bukan dari kelompok pyrethroid. Kata Kunci : Resistensi, Aedes aegypti, Voltage Gated Sodium Channel (VGSC), Mutasi Noktah

Variation in plasma oxidative status and testosterone level in relation to egg-eviction effort and age of brood-parasitic common cuckoo nestlings

To avoid competition for parental care, brood-parasitic Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) nestlings evict all of the host's eggs and nestlings within a few days after hatching. Little is known about the physiological effects of eviction behavior on the cuckoo nestling's oxidative balance or about age-related variation in plasma oxidative status and testosterone level of developing birds. We examined whether the cuckoo nestling's plasma oxidative status was related to prior effort in eviction and quantified variation in the level of reactive oxygen metabolites, of nonenzymatic antioxidant capacity, and of testosterone concentration in plasma at various phases of the cuckoo's development. Levels of both reactive oxygen metabolites and antioxidant capacity were greater in older than in younger nestlings, suggesting that younger nestlings effectively counterbalance their increased production of free radicals, whereas, near fledging, levels of reactive oxygen metabolites increase despite improved antioxidant capacity. Possibly, overall energy expenditure increases with age and elevates the production of reactive oxygen species to a rate higher than what the antioxidant system could eliminate. Plasma testosterone level was the highest at nestlings' intermediate phase of growth. High levels of testosterone may be required during the period of fastest growth, and when the growth rate levels off near fledging, testosterone levels may also decline. Cuckoo chicks that evicted more host eggs from steeper nests had higher plasma levels of reactive oxygen metabolites shortly after the eviction period, suggesting that eviction is costly in terms of an increased level of oxidative stress. Para evitar la competencia por el cuidado parental, los polluelos parásitos de nidada de Cuculus canorus desalojan todos los huevos y los polluelos del hospedador a los pocos días después de la eclosión. Se sabe poco sobre los efectos fisiológicos del comportamiento de desalojo en el balance oxidativo de los polluelos de C. canorus o sobre la variación en el estatus oxidativo del plasma y el nivel de testosterona relacionado con la edad de las aves en desarrollo. Examinamos si el estatus oxidativo del plasma de los polluelos de C. canorus se relacionaba con un esfuerzo previo de desalojo y cuantificamos la variación en el nivel de metabolitos reactivos de oxígeno, la capacidad antioxidante no enzimática y la concentración de testosterona en el plasma en varias fases del desarrollo de C. canorus. Tanto los niveles de metabolitos reactivos de oxígeno como la capacidad antioxidante fueron superiores en los polluelos de mayor edad que en los más jóvenes, lo que sugiere que los polluelos de menor edad contrarrestan eficazmente el aumento de la producción de radicales libres, mientras que, cuando se apróximan al abandono del nido, los niveles de metabolitos reactivos de oxígeno aumentan a pesar de una mejora en la capacidad antioxidante. Posiblemente, el gasto total de energía se incrementa con la edad, elevándose la producción de formas reactivas de oxígeno a una tasa mayor de la que el sistema antioxidante puede eliminar. El nivel de testosterona en el plasma fue máximo en la fase intermedia del crecimiento de los polluelos. Pueden requerirse altos niveles de testosterona durante el período de mayor crecimiento y, cuando la tasa de crecimiento se estabiliza cerca del abandono del nido, los niveles de testosterona también podrián disminuir. Los polluelos de C. canorus que desalojaron más huevos del hospedador en nidos con una estructura más empinada tuvieron niveles de plasma de metabolitos reactivos de oxígeno en plasma más altos poco después del período de desalojo, sugiriendo que el desalojo es costoso en términos de un incremento en el nivel de estrés oxidativo