GHz Range CMOS LNA

This thesis work presents 7GHz CMOS Common Gate LNA, Layout design and a scaled down version of the same topology with BJT, operating frequency of 5MHz. Schematic was designed in OrCAD Capture CIS, gain and linearity results were taken. PCB LNA was modified to operate at the target frequency of 5MHz. Its linearity, gain measurements and practical results were taken by using oscilloscope and spectrum analyzers. These measurements results were then compared with the results taken previously in OrCAD Capture CIS design environment. Both the measurement results were taken by giving different input powers. The goal was to check the behavior of LNA and to see the effects of different components on its gain and linearity. Also the task was to find out for what range of input power it remains linear and stable. Another part of this thesis work is GHz range Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) LNA and then followed by the design layout for the circuit. Schematic for GHz range LNA was designed using Cadence Virtuoso 45nm technology, and operational frequency target was 7GHz. The design followed mainly the same methodology as it was for the MHz range LNA, but here in CMOS technology the higher operational frequency was selected. Common gate stage was designed to operate at targeted frequency, and since common gate has low input and high output impedance, buffer stage is needed for output matching. White’s Cascode buffer stage was introduced for output impedance matching. Different parameters results are needed to be achieved for LNA design before stepping forward into Layout design. Such as Scattering parameters, Noise Figure, Stability, transient analysis, Linearity, 1dB compression point and IP3 measurement. Next part of thesis work consists of Layout design of 7GHz CMOS LNA. A Layout was carefully designed by taking care of allocation of metal layers to avoid extra sheet resistances, and paths were capable of withstanding enough current density. Its parasitic extracted results were compared with the results obtained from the schematic design. Clear difference was noticed during comparison between important parameters, such as gain and operational frequency

A review on solid state time of flight TOF range image sensors

This paper reviews three different types of Solid State time of flight TOF range image sensors. All of the sensors studied measure range by detecting the TOF of light using three different methods which are pulse modulation, sine wave modulation and time to digital converter TOF range image sensors. From the review it is found that the Power Dissipation of the SPAD i.e. single photon avalanche diode TOF image sensor is lowest which is 750uw. Range Resolution of the GOFO i.e. gate on field oxide structure TOF range image sensor is smaller which 2.35cm at 30fps and finally the Spatial Resolution of the GOFO TOF image sensor is largest which is 336 x 252 pixels

Effect of salinity gradients on species composition of Odonata naiads

In present study the relationship between salinity gradients of various water bodies and inhabiting Odonata naiads was studied. Naiads, being a popular group of water pollution indicators, were studied. Totally 35 sites were surveyed for collection of naiads and water samples were taken from each positive site. Eight factors viz. Electrical Conductivity (Ec), Calcium +Magnesium (Ca+Mg), Sodium (Na+), Carbonates (Carb), Bicarbonates (Bc), Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) were studied for each water sample. Interesting results were obtained both for Anisoptera and Zygoptera species. Among dragonflies, genus Crocothemis of family Libellulidae appeared to be resistant while Genus Gomphidia and Sympetrum of families Gomphidae and Libellulidae were observed to be affected by variations in salinity gradients of waters of different sites. However in case of damselflies Genus Ischnura of family Ceonagrionidae and genus Pseudagrion of family Ceonagrionidae were observed to be adaptive followed by genus Ceriagrion of same family. As an overall conclusion, Anisopterous naiads were found more susceptible to salinity gradients than Zygoptera and thus can be better used in water salinity diagnoses studies

Odonata Naiads of Potohar Plateau, Punjab, Pakistan

Abstract:-A series of collection surveys conducted during two consecutive years to explore Odonata naiads of Potohar plateau revealed 34 species under 6 families and 21 genera. Specimens were collected from different aquatic habitats that include almost all sort of waters including static, flowing, acidic, alkaline, brackish or saline. Details showing valid names, collection localities, ecological observations, number of individual male/female collected are provided for each species

Selection of amplifier for optimized charge transfer in active pixel CMOS time of flight (TOF) image sensors.

Although CMOS Time-of-Flight Range Image Sensors have been recently realized, the fabrication process in modified by inserting an extra mask layer to allow efficient TOF dependent charge transfer

Use of alcoholic beverages in VA medical centers

BACKGROUND: Benzodiazepines are the first-line choice for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. However, several hospitals continue to provide alcoholic beverages through their formulary for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. While there are data on the prevalence of this practice in academic medical centers, there are no data on the availability of alcoholic beverages at the formularies of the hospitals operated by the department of Veteran's Affairs. METHODS: In this study, we surveyed the Pharmacy managers at 112 Veterans' Affairs Medical Centers (VAMCs) to ascertain the availability of alcohol on the VAMC formularies, and presence or lack of a policy on the use of alcoholic beverages in their VA Medical Center. RESULTS: Of the pharmacy directors contacted, 81 responded. 8 did not allow their use, while 20 allowed their use. There was a lack of a consistent policy across the VA medical centers on availability and use of alcoholic beverages for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. CONCLUSION: There is lack of uniform policy on the availability of alcoholic beverages across the VAMCs, which may create potential problems with difference in the standards of care