24 research outputs found

    Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of a pyrazoline-pyridine silver(I) complex: DNA-interaction and anti-biofilm activity

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    The emergence of resistant bacterial strains mainly due to misuse of antibiotics has seriously affected our ability to treat bacterial illness, and the development of new classes of potent antimicrobial agents is desperately needed. In this study, we report the efficient synthesis of a new pyrazoline-pyridine containing ligand L1 which acts as an NN-donor for the formation of a novel silver (I) complex 2. The free ligand did not show antibacterial activity. High potency was exhibited by the complex against three Gram-negative bacteria, namely Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumanii with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 4 and 16 μg/mL (4.2–16.7 μM), and excellent activity against the fungi Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans (MIC ≤ 0.25 μg/mL = 0.26 μM). Moreover, no hemolytic activity within the tested concentration range was observed. In addition to the planktonic growth inhibition, the biofilm formation of both Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was significantly reduced by the complex at MIC concentrations in a dose-dependent manner for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, whereas a biphasic response was obtained for MRSA showing that the sub-MIC doses enhanced biofilm formation before its reduction at higher concentration. Finally, complex 2 exhibited strong DNA binding with a large drop in DNA viscosity indicating the absence of classical intercalation and suggesting the participation of the silver ion in DNA binding which may be related to its antibacterial activity. Taken together, the current results reveal that the pyrazoline-pyridine silver complexes are of high interest as novel antibacterial agents, justifying further in vitro and in vivo investigation

    Metal Complexes as Antifungals? From a Crowd-Sourced Compound Library to the First InVivo{In Vivo} Experiments

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    There are currently fewer than 10 antifungal drugs in clinical development, but new fungal strains that are resistant to most current antifungals are spreading rapidly across the world. To prevent a second resistance crisis, new classes of antifungal drugs are urgently needed. Metal complexes have proven to be promising candidates for novel antibiotics, but so far, few compounds have been explored for their potential application as antifungal agents. In this work, we report the evaluation of 1039 metal-containing compounds that were screened by the Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery (CO-ADD). We show that 20.9% of all metal compounds tested have antimicrobial activity against two representative Candida and Cryptococcus strains compared with only 1.1% of the >300,000 purely organic molecules tested through CO-ADD. We identified 90 metal compounds (8.7%) that show antifungal activity while not displaying any cytotoxicity against mammalian cell lines or hemolytic properties at similar concentrations. The structures of 21 metal complexes that display high antifungal activity (MIC ≤1.25 μM) are discussed and evaluated further against a broad panel of yeasts. Most of these have not been previously tested for antifungal activity. Eleven of these metal complexes were tested for toxicity in the Galleria mellonella moth larva model, revealing that only one compound showed signs of toxicity at the highest injected concentration. Lastly, we demonstrated that the organo-Pt(II) cyclooctadiene complex Pt1\textbf{Pt1} significantly reduces fungal load in an in vivoG. mellonella infection model. These findings showcase that the structural and chemical diversity of metal-based compounds can be an invaluable tool in the development of new drugs against infectious diseases

    Pyrazoline Hybrids as Promising Anticancer Agents: An Up-to-Date Overview

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    Pyrazolines are five-membered heterocycles possessing two adjacent nitrogens. They have attracted significant attention from organic and medicinal chemists due to their potent biological activities and the numerous possibilities for structural diversification. In the last decade, they have been intensively studied as targets for potential anticancer therapeutics, producing a steady yearly rise in the number of published research articles. Many pyrazoline derivatives have shown remarkable cytotoxic activities in the form of heterocyclic or non-heterocyclic based hybrids, such as with coumarins, triazoles, and steroids. The enormous amount of related literature in the last 5 years prompted us to collect all these published data from screening against cancer cell lines, or protein targets like EGFR and structure activity relationship studies. Therefore, in the present review, a comprehensive account of the compounds containing the pyrazoline nucleus will be provided. The chemical groups and the structural modifications responsible for the activity will be highlighted. Moreover, emphasis will be given on recent examples from the literature and on the work of research groups that have played a key role in the development of this field

    Metal-Catalyzed and Metal-Mediated Approaches to the Synthesis and Functionalization of Tetramic Acids

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    The heterocyclic ring of tetramic acids is found in naturally occurred biologically active products isolated from fungi, bacteria, molds, and sponges. Thus, these molecules have attracted significant attention as synthetic targets, and various synthetic paths have been developed. Over recent years, a growing number of catalytic approaches toward functionalized products have been established in order to overcome the limitations of the conventional methods. The present review describes the strategies for the metal-catalyzed and metal-promoted synthesis and further derivatization of tetramic acids, with emphasis on recent examples from the literature

    Nitrogen-Containing Molecules: Natural and Synthetic Products including Coordination Compounds

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    Nitrogen constitutes one of the most crucial elements in synthetic compounds, both in organic and in coordination chemistry [...

    Nitrogen-Containing Molecules: Natural and Synthetic Products including Coordination Compounds

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    Nitrogen constitutes one of the most crucial elements in synthetic compounds, both in organic and in coordination chemistry [...

    Nitrogen and Oxygen Heterocyclic compounds: design, synthesis and structural elucidation with Spectroscopic Methods and Crystallographic Analysis

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    269 σ.Αντικείμενο της παρούσας Διδακτορικής Διατριβής αποτελεί κατά πρώτο λόγο ο σχεδιασμός, η σύνθεση και η μελέτη της δομής ετεροκυκλικών ενώσεων του αζώτου και του οξυγόνου. Η χημεία των ετεροκυκλικών ενώσεων σχετίζεται με τη χημεία φυσικών προϊόντων. Η απομόνωση χημικών ενώσεων από φυσικές πηγές είναι τόσο παλιά όσο η ανθρωπότητα και τα φυσικά προϊόντα αποτελούν μία πλούσια πηγή ετεροκυκλικών παραγώγων. Τα μόρια αυτά εξ ορισμού επιδεικνύουν ένα εύρος βιολογικών δράσεων. Σε αναλύσεις βιολογικών ιδιοτήτων, πολύ συχνά παρέχουν στους ερευνητές μία δομή “οδηγό” για ανάπτυξη πλήθους καθαρά συνθετικών προϊόντων και μελέτες συσχετισμού δομής δραστικότητας. Το γεγονός αυτό, μας παρακίνησε στο σχεδιασμό ενώσεων και συνθετικών μεθοδολογιών με σκοπό να αποκτήσουμε πρόσβαση σε νέες ή γνωστές δομές ετεροκυκλικών παραγώγων. Ένα μεγάλο τμήμα της έρευνας που βρίσκεται πίσω από την παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή είναι αφιερωμένο στα τετραμικά οξέα. Οι ενώσεις αυτές, πενταμελείς ετεροκυκλικές με ένα άτομο αζώτου στο δακτύλιο, βρίσκονται στο επίκεντρο των ερευνών τα τελευταία χρόνια. Πολλά σημαντικά φυσικά προϊόντα, όπως το τενουαζονικό οξύ (tenuazonic acid) είναι γνωστά για τις σημαντικές βιολογικές ιδιότητές τους. Αρχικά μελετήθηκαν τα τετραμικά οξέα που φέρουν πολική, και συγκεκριμένα υδροξυάλκυλο ή υδροξυβένζυλο ομάδα στη θέση 5 του δακτυλίου. Μέχρι στιγμής, οι αναφορές στη βιβλιογραφία για αυτά τα παράγωγα είναι πολύ περιορισμένες. Η μέθοδος που αναπτύχθηκε, βασίστηκε στη C-ακυλίωση μεταξύ ενός α-αμινοξέος και της κατάλληλης ένωσης ενεργού μεθυλενίου. Το προκύπτον ενδιάμεσο παράγωγο, το οποίο είναι και το ίδιο πολύ αξιόλογο, κυκλοποιείται εύκολα με βασικές συνθήκες προς το αντίστοιχο τετραμικό οξύ. Το σημείο κλειδί αυτής της σύνθεσης ήταν η προστασία της υδροξυλομάδας με τέτοιο τρόπο, ώστε να μπορούμε να χειριστούμε τις ενδιάμεσες ενώσεις. Στη συνέχεια, περιγράφεται η σύνθεση 5-βενζυλιδενοτετραμικών οξέων που φέρουν μία ακέτυλο ομάδα στο άζωτο του δακτυλίου. Τα παράγωγα αυτά είναι ιδιαίτερα σημαντικά δεδομένου ότι είναι άγνωστα στη βιβλιογραφία, αλλά και ότι τα φυσικά προϊόντα της κατηγορίας ομοιάζουν με αυτά τα μόρια. Κύριο χαρακτηριστικό της μεθόδου αποτελεί η χρήση αζλακτονών που προέρχονται από τη γλυκίνη ως ακυλιωτικά μέσα. Τα παράγωγα αυτά παρέχουν ταυτόχρονη ενεργοποίηση και προστασία των κατάλληλων ομάδων με αποτέλεσμα να καταλήγουμε στις ενώσεις στόχους χωρίς παραπροϊόντα, με υψηλές αποδόσεις και παράλληλα σε λιγότερα στάδια. Οι ενώσεις αυτές, ως νέες, μελετήθηκαν πιο εκτεταμένα. Μελετήθηκαν εκτενώς φασματοσκοπικά και η δομή τους προσδιορίστηκε μέσω κρυσταλλογραφίας ακτίνων Χ. Ακόμη, παρασκευάστηκαν σύμπλοκά τους με μέταλλα, τα οποία επίσης μελετήθηκαν κρυσταλλογραφικά. Τα αποτελέσματα ήταν ενθαρρυντικά και στο άμεσο μέλλον, σκοπεύουμε να μελετήσουμε τις φαρμακολογικές τους δράσεις, καθώς είναι υποσχόμενα αντικαρκινικά και αντιβιοτικά. Αντικείμενο μελέτης στα επόμενα κεφάλαια αποτελούν οι αμινοφουρανόνες και τα τετρονικά οξέα, πενταμελείς ετεροκυκλικές ενώσεις του οξυγόνου, τα οποία παρασκευάζονται σε στερεά φάση. Ως προς τη χημεία, η μέθοδος ακολουθεί τα βασικά στοιχεία των προηγουμένων, δηλαδή βασίζεται στη C-ακυλίωση μεταξύ α-υδροξυοξέων και των κατάλληλων ενώσεων ενεργού μεθυλενίου. Ωστόσο, η πρωτοπορία της μεθόδου είναι πως η σύνθεση έγινε σε στερεά φάση, δεδομένων των πλεονεκτημάτων αυτής. Τέλος, καθώς οι ενώσεις στόχοι που παρασκευάζονται είναι πιθανά φαρμακολογικά και βιολογικά δραστικές, επιδιώξαμε να σχεδιάσουμε προσεκτικά μία γκάμα παραγώγων με πιθανή αντικαρκινική δράση, να τα συνθέσουμε και στη συνέχεια να μελετήσουμε τις αντικαρκινικές τους ιδιότητες. Τα αποτελέσματα που αναφέρονται αναλυτικά στα αντίστοιχα κεφάλαια είναι ενθαρρυντικά, τουλάχιστον στο επίπεδο σχεδιασμού ενώσεων-οδηγών. Οι ενώσεις αυτές, επίσης μελετήθηκαν κρυσταλλογραφικά, καθώς η διαμόρφωση των μορίων στο χώρο μας δίνει σημαντικές πληροφορίες, ως προς τη χημεία και της βιολογικές τους ιδιότητες. Παρόλα αυτά, όσο σημαντική κι αν είναι η σύνθεση (κέντρο της χημείας κατά τον M. Berthelot), σύνθεση χωρίς ανάλυση και ενδελεχή χαρακτηρισμό των προϊόντων είναι άγονη: τα μόρια που συντίθενται είναι “αντικείμενα” προς περαιτέρω μελέτες. Στο πλαίσιο αυτό, στην παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή γίνεται διεξοδική μελέτη των δομών των παραγώγων που παρασκευάστηκαν. Τα μέσα που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν ήταν η φασματοσκοπία μίας και δύο διαστάσεων 1H και 13C NMR, IR, UV, κρυσταλλογραφία ακτίνων Χ, καθώς και EPR για τα σύμπλοκα.The object of this PhD Thesis is the design and synthesis, as well as the structural elucidation of nitrogen and oxygen heterocycles. The chemistry of heterocyclic compounds is closely related to the natural products chemistry. The isolation of substances from natural sources is as old as mankind and the natural products consitute a rich source of heterocyclic derivatives. These products by definition demonstrate a wide range of biological activities. In biological tests, they provide very often the researchers a lead structure for development of a lot of purely synthetic products and structure-activity relationship studies. This fact urged us to design compounds and synthetic methodologies in order to obtain access in new or known structures of heterocycles. A large part of the research behind this PhD Thesis was devoted to the tetramic acid derivatives. These compounds, five membered nitrogen heterocycles are in the current research interest. Many important natural products, such as tenuazonic acid are well known for their interesting biological activities. At first, tetramic acids bearing a polar and more particular hydroxyalkyl or hydroxybenzyl group at position 5 of the ring were studied. Until now, the references for these compounds are very limited. The developed method is based in the C-acylation reaction between an α-aminoacid and the appropriate active methylene compound. The intermediate derivative can be cyclized easily with basic conditions to afford the corresponding tetramic acid. The key point of this synthetic protocol is the protection of the hydroxyl group in such way that we are able to handle the intermediate compounds. Then, the synthesis of 5-benzylidene tetramic acids possessing an acetyl group on ring-nitrogen is described. These derivatives are very important since they are unknown in literature and, moreover, the natural products of this class resemble these molecules. The basic feature of the method is the usage of azlactones from N-acetylglycine as acylating media. These derivatives offer the simultaneous activation and protection of the appropriate groups. The result is the synthesis of the target molecules without byproducts, with high yields in fewer steps. These compounds, as novel ones, were studied more deeply. They were studied spectroscopically and their structure was determined by X-ray crystallography. In addition, metal complexes of these ligands were synthesized and studied. The results are promising and in the near future we are intending to study their pharmaceutical activities as they are potential anticancer and antibiotic agents. In the next chapter, the solid phase synthesis of aminofuranones and tetronic acids, five membered oxygen heterocycles, is presented. Concerning chemistry, this method shares the basic elements of the previous. That means, it is based on the C-acylation reaction between α-hydroxyacids and the appropriate active methylene compounds. However, the novelty of this methodology is that the synthesis is carried in solid phase, known the advantages. Finally, since the prepared target molecules are potential pharmaceuticals, we aimed at designing carefully a compound library with potential anticancer activities, synthesizing them and, then, studying their antitumor abilities. The results were successful at least at the level of lead compounds design. These derivatives were studied crystallographically as well, as the conformation of the molecules gives us important information at the synthetic and biological level. On the other hand, synthesis (centre of chemistry, according to M. Berthelot) without analysis and identification of the products is fruitless; they are “objects” for further studies. In this context, we studied thoroughly the structures of the synthesized compounds, by means of 1D and 2D 1H and 13C NMR, IR and UV spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography analysis and EPR analysis for the metal complexes.Δημήτρης Κ. Ματιάδη

    Solid-Phase Synthesis of Optically Active Substituted 2 Aminofuranones Using an Activated Carbonate Linker

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    An efficient three-step solid-phase synthesis of diverse 3,5-disubstituted-2-aminofuranones has been developed. α-Hydroxy acids loaded on a nitrophenyl carbonate derivative of Wang resin are used as acylating agents for the C-acylation of active methylene compounds and the resulting intermediates provided, through a cyclative cleavage reaction, the desired product
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