Horseweed (Marestail) Resistance

Horseweed has documented resistance to EPSPS inhibitors, PSII inhibitors, ALS inhibitors, and PSI inhibitor (Heap, 2018). Glyphosate resistant horseweed moves the herbicide into a vacuole preventing the herbicide from damaging the plant (Ge, 2010). The objective of the this experiment was to determine if nine different horseweed populations were resistant or not to six different herbicide. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with six herbicides, nine locations, and five replications. Heights were recorded for each population before spraying. Each herbicide was sprayed on October 5, 2018, and rates were paraquat (840 g ai/ha), glyphosate (1260 g ae/ha), glufosinate (738 g ai/ha), Atrazine (560 g ai/ha), chlorimuron (13.1 g ai/ha), and dicamba (560 g ai/ha). Horseweed showed the most resistance to atrazine and glyphosate across all locations, and paraquat in some locations. No herbicide had total control fourteen days after spraying. Dicamba had the greatest control of horseweed across all nine locations. Resistance was difficult to identify because horseweed plants were too mature to effectively be control

Ill fares the land: the legal consequences of land confiscations by the Sandinista government of Nicaragua 1979-1990

This thesis analyzes the consequences of property confiscations and redistribution under the Sandinista (FSLN) government in Nicaragua of the 1980s. It covers the period from the overthrow of Anastasio Somoza Debayle in 1979 to the February 1990 FSLN electoral defeat and the following two months of the Piñata, when the outgoing Sandinista government quickly formalized possession of property by new owners, both formerly landless peasants and the elite. It also examines subsequent efforts to resolve outstanding property claims, with the focus on the Chamorro and later presidential administrations to 2007, when Sandinista leader Daniel Ortega and the FSLN returned to power. The main argument is that Sandinista leaders, largely from the same families that have dominated Nicaragua since the Colonial period, followed Nicaraguan traditions of using influence to distort the legal and political system to gain title to valuable properties. In contrast to partisan arguments in favor of one regime or another, here the methods of property transfer are analyzed by investigating in detail documentary evidence of illustrative cases that show the steps and individuals involved in these transactions, as well as more generally surveying other cases and the overall situation with property. The argument is tested by examining how the selected claimants’ properties were taken and who obtained them. The results indicate that Sandinista elites did obtain properties for their personal benefit, often in violation of their own legislation, but that this was largely consistent with the practice of other, non- Sandinista governments. After their electoral defeat, ongoing Sandinista influence in the organs of government influenced the restitution process, with claimants typically settling for compensation at a fraction of the market value, with the Nicaraguan state and people bearing the cost of paying for compensation bonds over the coming decades. Political influence undermined the restitution mechanism

Advancing a Baradian perspective on the field of identity work: : An empirical analysis of the complex discourse-materiality identity construction

Conceptualizing identity in processual terms as identity work has long been acknowledged within the broad field of critical management and organization studies. However, recent studies show that the process by which identities evolve is still under-explored. Although extant research has considered how discourse and other symbolic means play a part in this process, this article expands such perspectives by foregrounding the relationality of discourse-materiality in identity construction processes. Using the example of an empirical analysis taken from a case study within education in Denmark, the author examines the process of identity construction by considering the ways in which discourse-materiality works to perform identities. The author combines insights from new materialist thinking with organizational discourse studies in the development of an analytics to approach the process of identity construction – coined as identity intra-activity. In doing so, the article demonstrates how an informal middle-management positioning of selected teachers is performed within its organization. By advancing the notion of identity intra-activity, the findings enable an understanding of identity work as materialized by multiple discursive-material and embodied resources –  all enacted in/through the teachers’ practices – creating a petri dish for examining the co-constitutive role of discourse-materiality and enabling new ways of thinking about identity work

THE APPLICATION OF HISTONE ANALYSIS FOR IDENTIFYING DISTAL REGULATORY ELEMENTS - REGULATION OF FSHR

Mechanisms that regulate gene expression are fundamental to many complex biological processes and disease states. Genome-wide approaches that combine chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and next-generation sequencing have greatly advanced our understanding of chromatin structure and the role that histone modification plays in transcriptional regulation. In particular, these advances revealed important associations between functional, non-coding DNAs and specific histone modifications, which have been used technically to identify numerous distal regulatory elements and furthered our knowledge of transcriptional regulation and cell-specific gene regulation. Fshr is a gene expressed only in testicular Sertoli cells and ovarian granulosa cells and its expression is critical for proper gonad function and fertility. Importantly, underlying its exquisite cell-specificity is a transcriptional mechanism limited to only two cell types, which previous studies revealed was dependent on distal regulatory elements. To help identify these elements, we used ChIP, combined with next-generation sequencing, to globally map Histone 3 Lysine 4 tri-methylation (H3K4me3) in Sertoli and myoid cells. H3K4me3 is a post-translational histone modification known to associate with distal regulatory elements and promoter regions of actively transcribed genes. Analysis of H3K4me3 enrichment profiles identified a distal site 3' to Fshr that was specific to Sertoli cells. Transient transfection analysis indicated the region represses Fshr promoter activity and in vitro binding analysis revealed that GATA-4 and an unknown protein bound to the region, implicating them in cell-specific regulation of Fshr. These studies provide evidence that Fshr is regulated by a distal regulatory element and have provided insight into the nature of these regulatory proteins. This work provides a database mapping H3K4me3 enrichment within Sertoli and peritubular myoid cells that can be used to identify new regulatory regions. Overall, these studies have furthered our knowledge of cell-specific gene regulation in Sertoli cells and provided new data that will lead to a better understanding of transcriptional regulation in Sertoli cells

Notes on the Occurrence of a Black Bituminous Shale near Palo, Linn County, Iowa

The rock formations of Linn County belong to the Devonian period. During an examination with the possible exploitation of Devonian rock as a source of Portland Cement, Mr. A. S. Hammond and others of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, encountered in an excavation near Palo, Iowa, a black, bituminous shale. The shale is fine-grained and in places very bituminous. The layers vary in thickness from mere seams along bedding planes to an inch in thickness where exposed in the excavation, and lie at various depths below the surface in the valley of Little Bear creek. The presence of an old shaft sunk by farmers with the possible finding of coal in view, led to further exploration, of which this is a report

Notes on the Occurrence of Oolitic Limestone in the Otis Beds of the Devonian, Kenwood, Iowa

A very prominent outcrop of the Otis limestone occurs along the valley of Indian creek at a point known as Horse Thief Cave, about one-half mile south of the town of Kenwood, Iowa. At this place the exposed beds contain the characteristic Spirifer subumbonus Hall

Economics of payment cards: a status report

This article surveys the recent theoretical literature on payment cards (focusing on debit and credit cards) and studies this research's possible implications for the current public policy debate over payment card networks and the pricing of their services for both consumers and merchants.Payment systems ; Credit cards