The management and husbandry of male and female draught animals: Research achievements and needs

This paper reviews research findings relevant to draught animal husbandry and management, and highlights the differences in use of oxen and cows for draught. Topics considered include the choice between cows and oxen and effects of work on physiology, metabolism, health, food intake, digestion, bodyweight change and lactation and reproductive physiology in draught cows. The husbandry and management of draught animals are considered and methods are described which could be adjusted for different draught animal-powered farming systems. Aspects covered include duration of work, housing, health care and feeding of draught animals. In considering these aspects of husbandry, attention is focused on the need to optimise the use of farm resources in the search for sustainable farming methods. A summary of topics deserving more research is given. It is suggested that farming systems research in close copperation with the local communities is required to determine ways of producing adequate food for draught animals and the establishment of sustainable farming systems

Pharmaceuticals in drinking water and resources for drinking water

Geneesmiddelen komen in zeer lage concentraties voor in drinkwater en drinkwaterbronnen. De hoeveelheden zijn echter zo laag dat effecten op de volksgezondheid zijn te verwaarlozen. Dit blijkt uit een inventarisatie van RIVM in opdracht van het ministerie van VROM. De meest voorkomende medicijnen in drinkwater en drinkwaterbronnen zijn slecht afbreekbaar in het milieu en/of worden veel gebruikt. De inventarisatie is een vervolg op onderzoek van vier waterinstituten in 2003 (RIVM rapport 703719004). Het RIVM heeft destijds vier geneesmiddelen in drinkwater aangetoond. Nu heeft het RIVM van 22 geneesmiddelen onderzocht in welke hoeveelheden ze voorkomen in drinkwater en drinkwaterbronnen. Hiervoor is een meetprogramma tweemaal uitgevoerd bij 22 drinkwaterproductielocaties. Ondanks de lage concentraties blijkt dat geneesmiddelen waarschijnlijk vaker voorkomen in drinkwater dan enkele jaren geleden. De medicijnen die in 2003 zijn aangetroffen zijn ook in het huidige onderzoek aangetoond. De pijnstillers acetylsalicylzuur (overwegend afkomstig van aspirine) en fenazon en het epilepsiemiddel carbamazepine werden het vaakst aangetroffen. Het synthetisch hormoon van de anticonceptiepil is niet aangetoond. Van het antidepressivum prozac is in enkele gevallen een spoortje aangetroffen. Om de verspreiding van humane en diergeneesmiddelen naar water te verminderen heeft het kabinet begin 2007 een pakket aan beleidsmaatregelen voorgesteld. Voorbeelden van deze maatregelen zijn het beperken van geneesmiddelgebruik, het inzamelen en vernietigen van ongebruikte medicijnen, en het ontwikkelen van geneesmiddelen die beter worden opgenomen in het lichaam en makkelijker worden afgebroken in milieu. Volgens dit onderzoek zijn de aangekondigde beleidsmaatregelen nuttig en nodig om het watermilieu en het drinkwater nu en in de toekomst te beschermen tegen verontreiniging met medicijnen.Pharmaceuticals are present in drinking water and drinking water resources in very low concentrations. However, the amounts are so low that effects on public health are negligible. This was shown in an RIVM investigation performed under the authority of the Dutch Ministry for Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (VROM). The most frequently detected medicines in drinking water are almost non-degradable in the environment and/or are frequently used. This investigation represents a follow-up to the research done by four water research institutes in 2003(Report 703719004); at that time RIVM detected four pharmaceuticals in drinking water. Recently, RIVM has investigated 22 pharmaceuticals for amounts present in drinking water and drinking-water resources. For this, a monitoring programme was conducted at 22 drinking-water production sites. In spite of low concentrations, detected pharmaceuticals are probably more frequently found in drinking water compared with several years ago. Medicines detected in 2003 were also found in this current investigation. The analgesics, salicylic acid (mainly from aspirin), phenazon and the anti-epileptic carbamazepin were detected most frequently. The synthetic hormone from the contraceptive pill was not found, while traces of the tranquilizer, prozac, were found in a few samples. At the beginning of 2007 the Dutch government proposed a package of policy measures to decrease the discharge of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals to water. Examples of these measures are reducing the use of pharmaceuticals, collecting and destroying unused pharmaceuticals, and developing pharmaceuticals which are better absorbed in the body and better degradable in the environment. This investigation supports the announced policy measures as being useful and necessary to protect the aquatic environment and drinking water against pollution by pharmaceuticals now and in the future.VROM-Inspecti

Choreography in IRS-III – coping with heterogeneous interaction patterns in web services

In this paper we describe how we handle heterogeneity in web service interaction through a choreography mechanism that we have developed for IRS-III. IRS-III is a framework and platform for developing semantic web services which utilizes the WSMO ontology. The overall design of our choreography framework is based on: the use of ontologies and state, IRS-III playing the role of a broker, differentiating between communication direction and which actor has the initiative, having representations which can be executed, a formal semantics, and the ability to suspend communication. Our framework has a full implementation which we illustrate through an example application

Graphic Computerization of Cephalometric Data

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66971/2/10.1177_00220345710500055501.pd

Puncturing of lyophilized tissue engineered vascular matrices enhances the efficiency of their recellularization

Data on in vitro engineered "off the shelf" matrices support the concept of endogenous cellular repopulation driving the graft's remodeling via immune-mediated response. This seems important to further accelerate the cell reconstitution and may play a crucial role when mononuclear cells are used. Nevertheless, studies on decellularized xenogeneic grafts showed only limited host cell repopulation post-implantation. This study aims at a systematic comparison of reseeding methods (dripping, injection, bathing in a cell suspension and combined puncturing-dripping method) to define the most efficient technique enhancing recellularization of tissue engineered vascular matrices (patches, vessels, small diameter and standard size valves) prior implantation. The constructs were analyzed histologically, biochemically and biomechanically. Various preconditioning treatments (wet, lyophilized and air-dried) combined with reseeding methods demonstrated the highest cell loading efficiency, despite applied crimping and flow stress, of lyophilization followed by puncturing-dripping technique. This novel seeding method allows for an efficient, time saving graft reseeding that can be used within a one-step cardiovascular clinical intervention. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The concept of living tissue engineered, self-repairing, autologous cardiovascular replacements, was proposed alternatively to existing synthetic/xenogeneic prostheses. Recent studies in animal models demonstrate faster in vivo recellularization after grafts pre-seeding with cells prior implantation. Pre-seeded cells hold either, the ability to differentiate directionally or attract host cells, crucial for graft integration and remodeling. It is unclear, however, how efficient the pre-loading is and how well cells withstand the flow. The study presents a systematic overview on cell loading techniques of different cardiovascular constructs, tested under static and dynamic conditions. Comparison illustrates a significantly higher efficiency of cells loading in lyophilized tissues punctured before their standard seeding. This technique may beneficially accelerate remodeling of cardiovascular grafts in further in vivo studies

Carbon and nitrogen cycling in the Scheldt estuary: the major players, long-term changes and an integrated view

The Scheldt estuary is a highly heterotrophic, nutrient-rich, turbid, tidal estuary in a densely populated area (Belgium/The Netherlands). Here we present the results (1) on the long-term changes in nutrient loadings and transformations within the estuary and (2) on nitrogen cycling rate measurements obtained with isotopic tracers. Moreover, we have developed and applied novel techniques that allow direct linking of process rates to the identity and biomass of the organisms involved. Monitoring data and process studies have been used in numerical models to integrate the various biogeochemical cycles and to advance our understanding of the evolving estuarine filter function of the Scheldt estuary

Report of the Horse Mackerel Exchange and Workshop 2006

Following a recommendation from PGCCDBS, a workshop on age calibration of horse mackerel was carried out. The workshop was preceded by an exchange. The objectives were: to improve the quality of horse mackerel readings by international calibration. In particular, attempt to resolve the observed differences between countries. Estimate the accuracy and precision of the age readings before and after the intercalibration. Take into account differences between areas and methods. Training of new horse mackerel readers