Executive Pay Regulation: What Regulators, Shareholders, and Managers Can Learn from Major Sports Leagues

Executive pay regulation is widely discussed as a measure to reduce financial mismanagement in corporations. We show that the professional team sports industry, the only industry with substantial experience in the regulation of compensation arrangements, provides valuable insights for the regulation of executive pay. Based on the experience from professional sports leagues, we develop implications for the corporate sector regarding the establishment and enforcement of executive pay regulation as well as the level, structure, and rigidity of such regulatory measures.Salary Caps, Executive Compensation, Corporate Governance, Financial Crisis, Financial Regulation

A Contest Model of a Professional Sports League with Two-Sided Markets

This paper develops a model of a professional sports league with network externalities by integrating the theory of two-sided markets into a contest model. In professional team sports, leagues function as a platform that enables sponsors to interact with fans. In these league-mediated interactions, positive network effects operate from the fan market to the sponsor market, while negative network effects operate from the sponsor market to the fan market. Clubs react to these network effects by charging higher (lower) prices to sponsors (fans). Our analysis shows that the size of these network effects determines the level of competitive balance within the league. Traditional models, which do not take network externalities into account, under- or overestimate the actual level of competitive balance, which may lead to wrong policy decisions. Moreover, we show that clubs benefit from stronger combined network effects through higher profits. Finally, we derive policy recommendations for improving competitive balance by taking advantage of network externalities.Competitive balance, contest, multisided market, network externalities, team sports league

Executive Pay Regulation: What Regulators, Shareholders, and Managers Can Learn from Major Sports Leagues

Executive pay regulation is widely discussed as a measure to reduce financial mismanagement in corporations. We show that the professional team sports industry, the only industry with substantial experience in the regulation of compensation arrangements, provides valuable insights for the regulation of executive pay. Based on the experience from professional sports leagues, we develop implications for the corporate sector regarding the establishment and enforcement of executive pay regulation as well as the level, structure, and rigidity of such regulatory measure

DLR Design Challenge 2022 on Advanced Aerial Firefighting

Since 2017, the German Aerospace Center (DLR) has been organizing an annual student competition on conceptual aircraft design titled DLR Design Challenge. This education and training initiative is set to challenge the next generation of aircraft designers with topics tailored to current research questions in the field of aeronautics. This year’s challenge was about the development of an aerial firefighting system of systems including vehicle and fleet design with a strong emphasize on operationally-driven design aspects

Development of a Conceptual Design Tool for Supersonic Transport with a Variable Fidelity Interface

The growing attention of supersonic transport (SST) renews economic and environmental concerns. New designs shall improve flight efficiency as well as mission, air traffic management (ATM) & air traffic service (ATS) impact, requiring a flexible and collaborative approach. A conceptual design tool linking to varied fidelity domain is developed in DLR since 2005. The focus areas of this paper are: Expanding openAD to design and evaluate future SST Aircraft within a higher-fidelity workflow. Capabilities demonstration of openAD via sensitivity studies of reference vehicle Concorde, HIASC A, HICAC C and X-59A (publicly available data)

A system of systems framework for strategic cargo airlift using agent-based modelling

When there is a need to move cargo across the world in the fastest possible manner, airlift is the prime solution. Due to the potential extreme requirements of airlift, aircraft have to be capable of performing in a myriad of operational environments. To support future aircraft design loops, this work proposes a framework which couples aircraft design and operational effectiveness in an agent-based simulation, allowing a more direct evaluation of design choices. Aircraft are modelled with inputs akin to typical design tool outputs, and airlift operational objectives and events are parameterized to allow for user customization and mission tailoring. To deal with stochastic and unexpected events that occur within airlifts, such as aircraft servicing, cargo demand reformulation and airbase access restriction, the aircraft and cargo are modelled as agents and managed by a dispatcher. Aircraft bid for cargo with flights which are configured by the dispatcher, allowing cargo to choose its flight path according to the airlift objective. Through analyzing a theoretical disaster relief mission, the impact of disruptive events on airlift time, cost and cargo throughput is shown to be significant, motivating their inclusion in future analysis. An exploration of aircraft design and airlift objectives is also analyzed, which highlighted the variance in airlift performance due to changes in aircraft payload-range and operational logics. The results demonstrate the framework's ability to capture the varying complexities of the airlift system, exemplifying its utility in future airlift and aircraft design optimization and resilience testing

Aircraft Level Evaluation and SoS Assessment for an Air Interdiction Mission under Operational Constraints

Modern combat vehicles are becoming increasingly expensive due to extensive requirements of multirole warfighting capability. The multirole capability requires several weapons, sensors, communication systems and avoidance subsystems. That leads to non-stealthy, inefficient, and heavier platforms. Thus, there is need to understand the effect of individual platform design and technologies on a multi-vehicle battlespace. Multi-level system dependencies impact performance and effectiveness. This necessitates a holistic System of Systems (SoS) design and assessment methodology. With an SoS battlespace simulation we can evaluate the impact of individual platforms or weapons on an individual mission scenario level. This paper presents an extension to further use cases of a simulation embedded SoS framework, developed at the DLR Institute of Systems Architectures in Aeronautics. The framework spans along equipment, weapons, sensors, subsystems, systems, SoS, mission thread. and mission scenarios/operations. This paper focuses on the evaluation of a counterland Air Interdiction (AI) mission with suppression of enemy air defense aspects including the following: - Obtain a set of aircraft requirements under operational constraints by analyzing the outcome on the battlefield - Study the impact of different strike group sizes and weapon numbers on the mission outcome in a AI scenario - Evaluate impact of the individual vehicle performance mapped to a multi vehicle capability - Demonstrate robustness of the framework across various mission types A Design of Experiment is conducted over system (aircraft), weapon and concept of operations level, evaluating influence of aircraft specific excess power, weapon carriage, radar cross section and strike group size. The results are evaluated via SoS-level measures of effectiveness such as survivability and weapon usage

Fighter Design and Fleet Effectiveness Evaluation via System of Systems Battlespace Simulation

With ever-increasing regional conflicts and demand for military deterrence and peace, there is a need for highly capable, agile and multirole manned and unmanned fighter. Due to difficulty in prediction, uncertain needs drive more and more capabilities in a specific vehicle leading to bigger, more expensive and harder to upgrade multirole fighter aircraft. Today’s fighter aircraft operate in a highly agile environment, fulfilling a wide set of roles like air superiority, aerial reconnaissance, forward air control, electronic warfare, etc. To fulfill these tasks, several kinds of weapons, sensors and communication systems are necessary. That results in a larger airframe and also in a higher total weight. Next generation fighters will not incorporate all of the systems for the specific roles. Instead the systems responsible for the abilities are spread over several smaller unmanned platforms which are linked to the manned fighter by network connections. The fighter itself can be lighter and more agile, and the abilities can be upgraded by additional platforms. The increased complexity of the battlespace increases the scope for evaluating requirements, conceptual design of new fighter aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicle, mid-air refueling tanker, etc. Using a System of Systems (SoS) Battlespace simulation driven aircraft design approach helps to simulate multi-platform interaction and account for numerous uncertainties in the development of future battle systems. For this reason, this research focuses on developing a SoS framework for fighter evaluation and design with three different aspects: - Linking conceptual fighter aircraft design & weapon performance to a large multi vehicle battle scenario via agent-based simulation - Analyzing the sensitives of technology, vehicle design, fleet composition, interoperability and weapon selection as well as evaluating requirements - Obtaining a set of aircraft level parameters for the fighter aircraft that produce improved SoS-level Measures of Effectiveness (MoE) during a Counter-Air Fighter Sweep mission such as blue win rate, Survivability and weapon usage Herein, a baseline aircraft and its sensitivity trade-offs modelled. The mission performance is evaluated by formulating different measures of effectiveness. In summary, this study demonstrates the need for system of systems simulations to derive adversary and operations-tailored vehicles and fleets

Emergent Trion-Phonon Coupling in Atomically-Reconstructed MoSe2_2-WSe2_2 Heterobilayers

In low-temperature resonant Raman experiments on MoSe$_2$-WSe$_2$ heterobilayers, we identify a hybrid interlayer shear mode (HSM) with an energy, close to the interlayer shear mode (SM) of the heterobilayers, but with a much broader, asymmetric lineshape. The HSM shows a pronounced resonance with the intralayer hybrid trions (HX$^-$) of the MoSe$_2$ and WSe$_2$ layers, only. No resonance with the neutral intralayer excitons is found. First-principles calculations reveal a strong coupling of Q-valley states, which are delocalized over both layers and participate in the HX$^-$, with the SM. This emerging trion-phonon coupling may be relevant for experiments on gate-controlled heterobilayers.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figure

Features of informatization of education in Poland and Ukraine

У тезах описуються пріоритети політики ЄС у сфері інформатизації освіти в контексті реалізації програми «Освіта та професійна підготовка 2020» за прикладом Польщі. Розглядаються стратегічні європейські документи щодо інформатизації освіти, розвитку цифрових компетентностей і переходу до відкритої освіти. Окреслено інфраструктуру розвитку дистанційної освіти у Республіці Польща.The theses describe the priorities of EU policy in the field of informatization of education in the context of the implementation of the program "Education and Training 2020", for example in Poland. The strategic European documents concerning informatization of education, development of digital competences and transition to open education are considered. The infrastructure of development of distance education in the Republic of Poland is outlined