Efectividad de las prendas de comprensión como modalidad de recuperación de la fatiga muscular en jugadores de fútbol

314 p.Actualmente se están mostrando los efectos de algunas estrategias de recuperación de la fatiga o del EIMD en futbolistas pero, para nuestro conocimiento, este es el primer estudio que evalúa la influencia de llevar diferentes tipos de prendas de compresión durante partidos de futbol amistosos y durante el periodo de recuperación. Para alcanzar los objetivos propuestos se realizó una revisión sistemática con meta-análisis y un estudio experimental compuesto de dos apartados. Se realizaron dos partidos de futbol amistosos mediante un diseño cruzado de dos etapas, en los que los participantes fueron asignados a un grupo experimental, los cuales también formaron el grupo control. Para valorar la influencia de diferentes tipos de prendas de compresión, los participantes fueron divididos aleatoriamente en tres grupos (grupo con medias de compresión, grupo con perneras de compresión, grupo con musleras de compresión), cada uno de los cuales las llevo durante el partido y 7 h/dia durante los 3 días posteriores cuando tuvieron que actuar en la condición de experimental. Se midieron marcadores de fatiga (biomarcadores, rendimiento físico, marcadores perceptivos) y marcadores de EIMD (biomarcadores, dolor e inflamación) durante los partidos y hasta 72 h. post-partido. Los resultados muestran que, a pesar de la poca significación estadística alcanzada, los diferentes tipos de prendas de compresión tienen un efecto positivo tanto en la atenuación de las respuestas provocadas por la fatiga como en las respuestas asociadas al EIMD. En respuesta a los síntomas de la fatiga, las perneras de compresión son las más efectivas, y en respuesta a los síntomas del EIMD, las perneras y musleras de compresión son las más efectivas

Efectividad de las prendas de comprensión como modalidad de recuperación de la fatiga muscular en jugadores de fútbol

314 p.Actualmente se están mostrando los efectos de algunas estrategias de recuperación de la fatiga o del EIMD en futbolistas pero, para nuestro conocimiento, este es el primer estudio que evalúa la influencia de llevar diferentes tipos de prendas de compresión durante partidos de futbol amistosos y durante el periodo de recuperación. Para alcanzar los objetivos propuestos se realizó una revisión sistemática con meta-análisis y un estudio experimental compuesto de dos apartados. Se realizaron dos partidos de futbol amistosos mediante un diseño cruzado de dos etapas, en los que los participantes fueron asignados a un grupo experimental, los cuales también formaron el grupo control. Para valorar la influencia de diferentes tipos de prendas de compresión, los participantes fueron divididos aleatoriamente en tres grupos (grupo con medias de compresión, grupo con perneras de compresión, grupo con musleras de compresión), cada uno de los cuales las llevo durante el partido y 7 h/dia durante los 3 días posteriores cuando tuvieron que actuar en la condición de experimental. Se midieron marcadores de fatiga (biomarcadores, rendimiento físico, marcadores perceptivos) y marcadores de EIMD (biomarcadores, dolor e inflamación) durante los partidos y hasta 72 h. post-partido. Los resultados muestran que, a pesar de la poca significación estadística alcanzada, los diferentes tipos de prendas de compresión tienen un efecto positivo tanto en la atenuación de las respuestas provocadas por la fatiga como en las respuestas asociadas al EIMD. En respuesta a los síntomas de la fatiga, las perneras de compresión son las más efectivas, y en respuesta a los síntomas del EIMD, las perneras y musleras de compresión son las más efectivas

A random forest approach to explore how situational variables affect perceived exertion of elite youth soccer players

Producción CientíficaThe aim of this study was to explore how situational variables affect youth soccer players’ perceived exertion (RPE) after official matches. Thirty-five elite youth male players (14.33 ± 0.86 years; 173.49 ± 6.16 cm; 63.44 ± 5.98 kg) who belonged to two different teams of a professional club participated in this study. Data collection was conducted during two seasons (2016–2017, 2017–2018) and included 60 official matches (30 official matches per team). Ten minutes after each match players rated their RPE and using a modified Borg CR-10 scale. A Random Forest Regression was used to quantify the importance of match-related situational variables in RPE. Afterwards, a linear mixed model analysis was applied to identify the variability in RPE among the situational variables. The game-playing time, the player status (starter or substitute) and the player identity were the strongest predictors of RPE. Moreover, the match outcome and the final scoreline showed significant effects on both starter and substitute players but the main effect of the quality of the opponent was only identified in starter players (p < 0.05). These results allow practitioners to know how situational variables interact and modulate RPE after official matches and help them to prescribe and adapt the players’ training content and load before and after matches

Running demands and tactical individual actions of wingers appear to depend on the playing formations within an amateur football team

[EN] We examine the differences in running performance demands and tactical individual actions for male amateur football wingers in four tactical formations: 4-2-3-1, 4-4-2, 3-5-2 and 3-4-2-1 during an entire season. Running demands were assessed in terms of: total distance run; distance traveled at 3 different speed ranges (Jogging, Running, and Sprinting); and number of accelerations registered in two different magnitude bands (Medium and High) while tactical individual actions were assessed through 3269 team match observations. 3-5-2 formation entails the highest running demands, exhibiting significant disparities in Jogging when compared to 4-2-3-1 and 3-5-2, in Sprinting when comparing 4-2-3-1 with both the 3-5-2 and the 3-4-2-1 formations. Moreover, the wingers in the 3-5-2 formation demonstrate the lowest scores in various tactical individual actions, including Shots: 3-5-2 vs. 3-4-2-1; Goal Area Shots: 3-5-2 vs. 3-4-2-1; and Dribbles: 3-5-2 vs. 3-4-2-1. Finally, wingers registered the highest levels of defensive tactical individual actions in 4-4-2 and 3-5-2. Findings suggest it would be of benefit for coaches to focus on formulating specific training plans to address the specific demands placed on wingers playing in these amateur matches and running performance demands and tactical individual actions should be considered together with tactical formation.S

Biochemical and Physical Performance Responses to a Soccer Match after a 72-Hour Recovery Period

The physiological and neuromuscular responses at 72 h post-match are not widely researched, despite evidence showing substantial changes in recovery markers at 72 h post-match. Consequently, the aim of this study was to determine the biochemical and physical performance responses to a soccer match after a 72-h recovery period. Male soccer players of a semiprofessional team participated in this study. Before playing a friendly match, blood values of testosterone, cortisol, the testosterone-to-cortisol ratio and urea were collected and the squat jump and the Bangsbo Repeated Sprint Ability test were performed. These measurements were considered as baseline (pre match) and were obtained again after a 72-h recovery period. Results indicate that physical performance at 72 h post-match was similar to baseline (squat jump: p = 0.974; total Repeated Sprint Ability time: p = 0.381; Repeated Sprint Ability fatigue index: p = 0.864). However, perturbations in the biochemical milieu derived from the soccer match metabolic and physiological stress were still evident at this time point. While no significant differences compared to pre match were obtained in testosterone and urea concentrations after the recovery period, cortisol and testosterone-to-cortisol ratio values were significantly higher (14.74 ± 3.68 µg/dL vs. 17.83 ± 2.65 µg/dL; p = 0.045; ES 0.92 [0.00; 1.84], very likely) and lower (39.08 ± 13.26 vs. 28.29 ± 7.45; p = 0.038; ES −0.96 [−1.89; −0.04], very likely), respectively. In conclusion, soccer players have similar physical performance to the pre match after a 72-h recovery period, even with signs of biochemical and physiological stress

Match Loads May Predict Neuromuscular Fatigue and Intermittent-Running Endurance Capacity Decrement after a Soccer Match

How the match-derived load metrics relate to post-match fatigue in soccer is scarcely researched. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the associations between soccer match-related internal and external loads, neuromuscular performance decrease and intermittent-running endurance capacity decrement immediately post-match. Vertical jump (countermovement jump), straight-line sprinting (10- and 20-m sprint), change of direction ability (T-test) and intermittent-running endurance capacity (YO-YO intermittent recovery level 2) were measured one day before and immediately after a friendly match in male soccer players. During the match, players’ internal and external loads were also monitored, including heart rate-derived indices, total distance at various speed thresholds, average running velocity, maximal running velocity, number of sprints and number of accelerations and decelerations at various intensity thresholds. The results show that match-induced fatigue was reflected on neuromuscular performance and intermittent-running endurance capacity immediately post-match (p < 0.05). The quantification of percentage change of match external-load metrics, particularly accelerations and decelerations, provides a useful non-invasive predictor of subsequent neuromuscular fatigue status in soccer players immediately post-match (p < 0.05). However, only internal load metrics present a practical application for predicting intermittent-running endurance capacity impairment (p < 0.05). In summary, internal and external load metrics may allow for predicting the extent of acute fatigue, and variability between halves may represent a valuable alternative to facilitate the analysis of match-related fatigue both for research and applied purposes

Methodological Approach in the Development of Specific Games in Elite Soccer

In games such as soccer, where the stability and the possibility of replicating game situations are complex, teams and players continually deal with a highly unstable cooperative and non-cooperative environment. Thus, synchronized cooperation among players during training sessions is a fundamental factor, which many times contributes to a team’s success. In this context, there are some specific drills that attempt to challenge and create meaningful contexts in order to simulate match situations as closely as possible. Small-sided games are play-sport situations in which all elements of the game interact together in a flexible manner. However, there are a variety of small-sided games in elite soccer, such as possession games and positional games, which may present specific characteristics and stimulate different physical-physiological demands. An adequate selection and implementation of these games may help coaches to promote positive adaptations and performance improvements. Thus, this chapter provides practical tips to modulate the physical-physiological responses and technical-tactical requirements of the players using a variety of game formats during soccer training sessions

Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Athletic Performance in Soccer Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Studies have shown that creatine supplementation increases intramuscular creatine concentrations, favoring the energy system of phosphagens, which may help explain the observed improvements in high-intensity exercise performance. However, research on physical performance in soccer has shown controversial results, in part because the energy system used is not taken into account. The main aim of this investigation was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the efficacy of creatine supplementation for increasing performance in skills related to soccer depending upon the type of metabolism used (aerobic, phosphagen, and anaerobic metabolism). A structured search was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines in the Medline/PubMed and Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases until January 2019. The search included studies with a double-blind and randomized experimental design in which creatine supplementation was compared to an identical placebo situation (dose, duration, timing, and drug appearance). There were no filters applied to the soccer players' level, gender, or age. A final meta-analysis was performed using the random effects model and pooled standardized mean differences (SMD) (Hedges's g). Nine studies published were included in the meta-analysis. This revealed that creatine supplementation did not present beneficial effects on aerobic performance tests (SMD, -0.05; 95% confidence interval (CI), -0.37 to 0.28; p = 0.78) and phosphagen metabolism performance tests (strength, single jump, single sprint, and agility tests: SMD, 0.21; 95% CI, -0.03 to 0.45; p = 0.08). However, creatine supplementation showed beneficial effects on anaerobic performance tests (SMD, 1.23; 95% CI, 0.55⁻1.91; p <0.001). Concretely, creatine demonstrated a large and significant effect on Wingate test performance (SMD, 2.26; 95% CI, 1.40⁻3.11; p <0.001). In conclusion, creatine supplementation with a loading dose of 20⁻30 g/day, divided 3⁻4 times per day, ingested for 6 to 7 days, and followed by 5 g/day for 9 weeks or with a low dose of 3 mg/kg/day for 14 days presents positive effects on improving physical performance tests related to anaerobic metabolism, especially anaerobic power, in soccer players.The authors want to thank the Foundation Institute of Studies of Health Sciences of Castilla y León (IECSCYL) for their collaboration on infrastructures and computer suppor

Effects of ergo-nutritional strategies on recovery in combat sports disciplines

[EN] Introduccion: Para mejorar el proceso de recuperacion en las disciplinas deportivas de combate, las estrategias ergo-nutricionales son una opcion eficaz en el entrenamiento y la competicion. Algunas de estas alternativas mejoran el rendimiento, pero actualmente existe una escasa bibliografia con resultados controvertidos relacionados con el efecto de recuperacion. Esta revision sistematica tuvo como objetivo determinar que estrategias ergo-nutricionales son mas efectivas en los procesos de recuperacion. Se llevo a cabo siguiendo las pautas Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review (PRISMA). Se realizo una busqueda computarizada en PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Collaboration Database, Evidence Database, Evidence Based Medicine Search review, National Guidelines, EM-BASE, Scopus y el sistema Google Scholar (desde 1995 hasta el 30 de abril de 2021). Se utilizo el modelo PICOS para definir los criterios de inclusion y exclusion. De los 123 estudios encontrados inicialmente, 18 cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad y fueron incluidos. Se examinaron datos de 367 atletas de diferentes disciplinas. La evidencia se agrupo en 4 areas: estres oxidativo, recuperacion muscular y energetica, reparacion muscular y acidosis metabolica. La evidencia mostro que las vitaminas, los minerales y algunos productos ergo-nutricionales naturales son eficaces como antioxidantes, los hidratos de carbono y las proteinas determinan su efecto recuperador y el bicarbonato de sodio es el principal retardador metabolico de la acidosis. Se destaca la importancia de aceptar un plan ergo-nutricional para mejorar el proceso de recuperacion. A pesar de ello, y teniendo en cuenta los efectos descritos en la literatura, se necesitan mas estudios para reforzar la evidencia actual. Abstract Introduction: In order to improve the recovery process in combat sports disciplines, ergo-nutritional strategies could be an effective option in training and competition. Some of these ergo-nutritional aids could improve performance but literature references are scarce, with controversial results regarding actual recovery effects. This systematic review aimed to examine which ergo-nutritional methods are most effective for assisting in the recovery process in combat sports, and to determine the appropriate training stimuli. This systematic review was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review (PRISMA) guidelines. A computerized search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Collaboration Database, Evidence Database, Evidence Based Medicine Search review, National Guidelines, EM-BASE, Scopus and Google Scholar system (from 1995 to April 30, 2021). The PICOS model was used to define inclusion and exclusion criteria. Out of 123 studies initially found, 18 met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. Data from 367 athletes from different disciplines were examined. The evidence was grouped in 4 areas: oxidative stress, muscle and energy recovery, muscle repair, and metabolic acidosis. Evidence showed that vitamins, minerals, and some natural ergo-nutritional products are effective as antioxidants. Carbohydrates and protein determine the recovery effect. Sodium bicarbonate has a role as primary acidosis metabolic delayer. Accordingly, ergo-nutritional aids can help in the recovery process. Considering the effects outlined in the literature, more studies are needed to provide firm evidence

Small-sided game-related physical performance is not influenced by the sprint and power performance of youth male soccer players

The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of sprint and power performance on physical fitness and small-sided game-related physical performance in youth male soccer players, using a median split analysis to separate faster and slower players, and powerful and weaker ones. Thirty youth male soccer players (age = 16.9 ± 1.4 years; height = 174.1 ± 7.1 cm; body mass = 63.1 ± 7.9 kg; % body fat = 15.5 ± 3.2) completed the following physical tests: 40 m linear sprint test, repeated sprint ability (RSA) test, countermovement jump (CMJ), horizontal jump (HJ) and a half-squat (HS) power test. In addition, players completed a 4 vs. 4 with goalkeepers small-sided game while external loads were recorded. According to their sprint and HS power performance, players were divided into fast and slow, and powerful and weak. Faster players performed better in 5 m sprint (p = 0.004, Effect Size (ES) = −1.158), 10 m sprint (p < 0.001, ES = −1.722), 40 m sprint (p < 0.001, ES = −3.268), RSAbest (p < 0.001, ES = −2.415), RSAtotal (p < 0.001, ES = −2.785), CMJ height (p = 0.032, ES = 0.823) and HJ distance (p < 0.001, ES = 1.589), but no significant differences (p > 0.05) were found in external loads during small-side games (SSG). In addition, no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed between powerful and weaker players in the fitness tests and SSG-related physical performance. These results highlight the importance of grouping youth soccer players by their sprinting capacity to design specific and individualized training strategies and suggest that SSG-related physical performance is not influenced by their sprint or power performance