Tourism and the smartphone app: capabilities, emerging practice and scope in the travel domain.

Based on its advanced computing capabilities and ubiquity, the smartphone has rapidly been adopted as a tourism travel tool.With a growing number of users and a wide varietyof applications emerging, the smartphone is fundamentally altering our current use and understanding of the transport network and tourism travel. Based on a review of smartphone apps, this article evaluates the current functionalities used in the domestic tourism travel domain and highlights where the next major developments lie. Then, at a more conceptual level, the article analyses how the smartphone mediates tourism travel and the role it might play in more collaborative and dynamic travel decisions to facilitate sustainable travel. Some emerging research challenges are discussed

Electron Emission as a Probe of Plastic Deformation in Single Crystal Metals

Work under this grant focused on the use of photoelectron emission as a probe of deformation processes in metals, principally single crystal and polycrystalline aluminum. Dislocations intersecting the surface produce patches of low work function metal which emit electrons when illuminated with the appropriate ultraviolet radiation. We have shown that changes in the photoemission signals during deformation can be used to identify the onset of strain localization. In some systems, the photoelectron kinetic energy distribution reflects the distribution of surface orientations, which depends on the competition between grain rotation and slip. Photoemission electron microscope images of shape memory alloys and thin films show marked changes in intensity and surface topography as the materal passes through its transition temperature. Photoelectron emission provides important information on the temporal progress of deformation processes that complements the spatial information provided by other techniques

Molecular Beam Measurement of the Hyperfine Structure of 85Rb19F

Radio‐frequency transitions between the hfs levels of the J=1 rotational state in 85Rb19F have been observed using a molecular beam electric resonance spectrometer. From these spectra we have obtained values for the constant eq1Q1, which characterizes the interaction between the electric quadrupole moment of the Rb nucleus with the molecular electric‐field gradient; for the constants c1 and c2 which characterize the magnetic interaction between the Rb and F nuclei, respectively, and the rotational angular momentum J of the molecule; and for the constants c3 and c4 which describe the magnetic coupling of the two nuclear spins. Measurements have been made on the first‐five vibrational states. The results for v=0 areeq1Q1=(−70.342±0.001)MHz,c1=(+0.52±0.02)kHz,c2=(+10.615±0.06)kHz,c3=(+0.80±0.06)kHz,c4=(+0.15±0.05)kHz.Values of these constants for v=1, 2, 3, and 4 are given with somewhat less precision.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/69352/2/JCPSA6-45-10-3731-1.pd

Triple Resonance Method for Molecular hfs Spectroscopy: Measurements on 133Cs19F

Three sequential oscillatory fields are employed in a molecular beam electric resonance spectrometer in order to observe molecular hfs transitions which do not obey the criteria for observability in the usual beam apparatus. The triple resonance method has been used to examine the hfs of CsF under conditions of very weak external fields. The method shows considerable promise for the detailed study of molecular hfs when more than one nucleus has a quadrupole moment, and for the observation of transitions at audio frequencies between closely spaced molecular energy levels.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/70906/2/JCPSA6-47-10-3904-1.pd

Hyperfine Structure of Thallium Bromide

The hyperfine structure of the J  =  2J=2 and J  =  3J=3 rotational states of TlBr has been measured with a molecular‐beam electric resonance spectrometer. Hyperfine transition frequencies were measured under conditions of very weak electric and magnetic fields. The linewidth was 500 Hz. The hyperfine interaction constants have been determined for 205Tl79Br, 203Tl79Br, 205Tl81Br, and 203Tl81Br in the first five vibrational states for J  =  2J=2. In addition, the interaction constants for J  =  3,υ  =  0J=3,υ=0 were determined for Tl79Br and Tl81Br, but it was not possible to resolve the effect of the two thallium isotopes in the J  =  3J=3 state. The spectra measured are well described by a hyperfine Hamiltonian containing the bromine quadrupole interaction, the spin–rotation interactions of both the thallium and the bromine nuclei, and both the scalar and tensor parts of the spin–spin interaction between the nuclei. The dependence of the magnetic hfs constants on vibrational state and on isotopic composition shows good agreement with theory. The magnetic octupole interaction of the bromine nucleus in TlBr is negligibly small, and we find no evidence for nuclear polarization or pseudoquadrupole effects.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/70429/2/JCPSA6-53-4-1525-1.pd

Hyperfine Structure of Thallium Chloride

The radio‐frequency spectra of TlCl at very weak electric and magnetic fields have been measured with a molecular beam electric resonance spectrometer. From these spectra the hyperfine interaction constants for the four isotopic species of the molecule were calculated. The constants for 205Tl35Cl in the J  =  2,υ  =  0J=2,υ=0 state are: eqQ  =  − 15793.32(50)kHz,cCl  =  1.38(10)kHz,cTl  =  76.35(10)kHz,c3  =  − 0.13(10)kHz,c4  =  − 1.54(10)kHz.eqQ=−15793.32(50)kHz,cCl=1.38(10)kHz,cTl=76.35(10)kHz,c3=−0.13(10)kHz,c4=−1.54(10)kHz. A test was made for the polarization of the chlorine nucleus in the electric field of the molecule by comparing the ratio of the quadrupole interaction constants for 205Tl35Cl and 205Tl37Cl to the ratio of the quadrupole interaction constants for the free chlorine atoms. The agreement of the two ratios is within their uncertainties, thus providing no evidence for a polarization effect. In addition, the dependence of the spin–rotation and spin–spin interaction constants on isotope was found to show good agreement with theory.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/69724/2/JCPSA6-50-5-2086-1.pd

Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in athletes – A qualitative assessment of symptom perception

© 2016Background A poor relationship between perceived respiratory symptoms and objective evidence of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) in athletes is often reported; however, the reasons for this disconnect remain unclear. The primary aim of this study was to utilise a qualitative-analytical approach to compare respiratory symptoms in athletes with and without objectively confirmed EIB. Methods Endurance athletes who had previously undergone bronchoprovocation test screening for EIB were divided into sub-groups, based on the presence or absence of EIB ± heightened self-report of dyspnoea: (i) EIB-Dys- (ii) EIB + Dys+ (iii) EIB + Dys- (iv) EIB-Dys+. All athletes underwent a detailed semi-structured interview. Results Twenty athletes completed the study with an equal distribution in each sub-group (n = 5). Thematic analysis of individual narratives resulted in four over-arching themes: 1) Factors aggravating dyspnoea, 2) Exercise limitation, 3) Strategies to control dyspnoea, 4) Diagnostic accuracy. The anatomical location of symptoms varied between EIB + Dys + athletes and EIB-Dys + athletes. All EIB-Dys + reported significantly longer recovery times following high-intensity exercise in comparison to all other sub-groups. Finally, EIB + Dys + reported symptom improvement following beta-2 agonist therapy, whereas EIB-Dys + deemed treatment ineffective. Conclusion A detailed qualitative approach to the assessment of breathlessness reveals few features that distinguish between EIB and non-EIB causes of exertional dyspnoea in athletes. Important differences that may provide value in clinical work-up include (i) location of symptoms, (ii) recovery time following exercise and (iii) response to beta-2 agonist therapy. Overall these findings may inform clinical evaluation and development of future questionnaires to aid clinic-based assessment of athletes with dyspnoea