Quantitative experiments in urinary antisepsis

1. The limitations of the field of usefulness 1 of any internal urinary antiseptic have been defined.2. A method is described for the estimation of the action of a urinary antiseptic.3. The effects upon the urine of oral admini of sodium citrate are: a. to lower the hydrogen ion concentration or true acidity; b. to lower the total acidity; c. to increase the amount of urine voided.4. A degree of alkalinity of the urine such as would render it bactericidal cannot be produced by oral medication.5. A bactericidal degree of acidity may be produced, but this may be accompanied by such discomfort to the patient as to render its employment impracticable.6. Hexamine in lesser concentration than 1/3,000 is inert against B. coli in acid urine.7. In concentration of 1/1,800 hexamine inhibits the growth of B. coli in acid urine for five hours, and as the concentration increases hexamine gradually becomes lethal to B. coli in acid urine.8. Such a concentration of hexamine could be achieved only by intravenous administration of the drug.9. Hexamine in alkaline urine has no action on the growth of B. coli.10. Hexyl resorcinol in oral doses of up to 1.35 gram in the day has only a slight bacteriastatic effect on the urine in vitro.11. Amyl meta cresol in oral doses of 1.35 gram in the day has a bacteriostatic effect on the urine in vitro. It is suggested that this may be of therapeutic value.12. Urine passed by patients in a state of ketosis has a bacteriostatic effect on B. coli in vitro.13. Whether this effect is dependent upon the reaction of the urine is still sub judice

Labor And The Politics Of Structural Adjustment In Australia And Indonesia

The labour forces of Australia and Indonesia are compared for the period from the late 1960s to the 1990s. The position of labour in a global economy is also considered. It is determined that the outlook for organised labour is bleak, however its position is also contingent upon national circumstance

Multiple novel prostate cancer susceptibility signals identified by fine-mapping of known risk loci among Europeans

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous common prostate cancer (PrCa) susceptibility loci. We have fine-mapped 64 GWAS regions known at the conclusion of the iCOGS study using large-scale genotyping and imputation in 25 723 PrCa cases and 26 274 controls of European ancestry. We detected evidence for multiple independent signals at 16 regions, 12 of which contained additional newly identified significant associations. A single signal comprising a spectrum of correlated variation was observed at 39 regions; 35 of which are now described by a novel more significantly associated lead SNP, while the originally reported variant remained as the lead SNP only in 4 regions. We also confirmed two association signals in Europeans that had been previously reported only in East-Asian GWAS. Based on statistical evidence and linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure, we have curated and narrowed down the list of the most likely candidate causal variants for each region. Functional annotation using data from ENCODE filtered for PrCa cell lines and eQTL analysis demonstrated significant enrichment for overlap with bio-features within this set. By incorporating the novel risk variants identified here alongside the refined data for existing association signals, we estimate that these loci now explain ∼38.9% of the familial relative risk of PrCa, an 8.9% improvement over the previously reported GWAS tag SNPs. This suggests that a significant fraction of the heritability of PrCa may have been hidden during the discovery phase of GWAS, in particular due to the presence of multiple independent signals within the same regio

Magna Carta, the Rule of Law and the Limits on Government

This paper surveys the legal tradition that links Magna Carta with the modern concepts of the rule of law and the limits on government. It documents that the original understanding of the rule of law included substantive commitments to individual freedom and limited government. Then, it attempts at explaining how and why such commitments were lost to a formalist interpretation of the rule of law from 1848 to 1939. The paper concludes by arguing how a revival of the substantive commitments of the rule of law is central in a project of reshaping modern states

On the transplantation of bone in the treatment of bone and joint injuries

The indications for the transplantation of bone in the treatment of bone and joint injuries are:1) delayed union and non -union in the shaft of a long bone;2) correction of mal -union in the shaft of a long bone when osteotony alone is not enough;3) reconstruction of the shaft of a long bone by bridging a gap;4) closure of gaps in the skull and remodelling of the facial bones;5) arthrodesis of a damaged joint.Two types of bone transplant are used: 1) cortical bone; 2) canoellous bone.The main function of a cortical bone transplant is to provide stable internal fixation thus preserving the form of the part which is being repaired. The advantages and disadvantages of the various types of cortical bone transplant have been discussed. The massive onlay graft or the massive sliding onlay, secured with vitallium screws, are the best methods of internal fixation of bones at present available. When the scheme of treatment of a patient is under consideration a decision to use the intact tibia as the donor of the transplant should be taken only when all other methods are considered impracticable.There is great and widening scope for the use of transplants of canoellous bone. They produce more rapid union than oortioal bone grafts. The intact tibia is not damaged. The method is of particular value in fusion of the spine and in arthrodesis of joints.The combination of a cortical bone transplant with oancellous bone chips is a very effective way of securing union in gap fractures.Cancellous bone chips will promote union in a bone which is immobilised by a vitallium plate. This method will probably be more widely used in future.An internal splint and screws made of an absorbable plastic material used in conjunction with oancellous bone chips would be an ideal method of treating delayed union or non -union of fractures. We may yet see that ideal realised

Multiple loci on 8q24 associated with prostate cancer susceptibility

Previous studies have identified multiple loci on 8q24 associated with prostate cancer risk. We performed a comprehensive analysis of SNP associations across 8q24 by genotyping tag SNPs in 5,504 prostate cancer cases and 5,834 controls. We confirmed associations at three previously reported loci and identified additional loci in two other linkage disequilibrium blocks (rs1006908: per-allele OR = 0.87, P = 7.9 x 10(-8); rs620861: OR = 0.90, P = 4.8 x 10(-8)). Eight SNPs in five linkage disequilibrium blocks were independently associated with prostate cancer susceptibility

Identification of seven new prostate cancer susceptibility loci through a genome-wide association study

Prostate cancer (PrCa) is the most frequently diagnosed male cancer in developed countries. To identify common PrCa susceptibility alleles, we have previously conducted a genome-wide association study in which 541, 129 SNPs were genotyped in 1,854 PrCa cases with clinically detected disease and 1,894 controls. We have now evaluated promising associations in a second stage, in which we genotyped 43,671 SNPs in 3,650 PrCa cases and 3,940 controls, and a third stage, involving an additional 16,229 cases and 14,821 controls from 21 studies. In addition to previously identified loci, we identified a further seven new prostate cancer susceptibility loci on chromosomes 2, 4, 8, 11, and 22 (P=1.6×10−8 to P=2.7×10−33)