The Corporation in the Street

The modern street is not a simple roadway, but a complicated three-story structure in the use of which the general public, the city government, the abutting property owner and the licensed corporation are interested. Not often are streets so limited in capacity as the one in Frankfort, Kentucky, which was so narrow that the passage of a railroad train would have all but filled it, a condition which led the court to enjoin the construction of a track, though duly authorized. Generally there is room for all, and the use of the streets has been granted with the greatest liberality. The occupants, being numerous, have interfered with each other more or less. It is the purpose of this paper to define the rights and duties of the various co-owners and co-tenants toward each other and toward third persons. A highway may come into existence by prescription, by dedication, and by condemnation. A highway by prescription is always an easement of the extent indicated by the user (which is usually held to include a reasonable amount of land beside the track actually traveled). A highway by condemnation or dedication is such as the decree or grant describes it, with a presumption in favor of an easement

Eccentric exercise versus usual-care with older cancer survivors: the impact on muscle and mobility- an exploratory pilot study

Journal ArticleBackground: Resistance exercise programs with high compliance are needed to counter impaired muscle and mobility in older cancer survivors. To date outcomes have focused on older prostate cancer survivors, though more heterogeneous groups of older survivors are in-need. The purpose of this exploratory pilot study is to examine whether resistance exercise via negative eccentrically-induced work (RENEW) improves muscle and mobility in a diverse sample of older cancer survivors. Methods: A total of 40 individuals (25 female, 15 male) with a mean age of 74 (? 6) years who have survived (8.4 ? 8 years) since their cancer diagnosis (breast, prostate, colorectal and lymphoma) were assigned to a RENEW group or a non-exercise Usual-care group. RENEW was performed for 12 weeks and measures of muscle size, strength, power and mobility were made pre and post training. Results: RENEW induced increases in quadriceps lean tissue average cross sectional area (Pre: 43.2 ? 10.8 cm2; Post: 44.9 ? 10.9 cm2), knee extension peak strength (Pre: 248.3 ? 10.8 N; Post: 275.4 ? 10.9 N), leg extension muscle power (Pre: 198.2 ? 74.7 W; Post 255.5 ? 87.3 W), six minute walk distance (Pre: 417.2 ? 127.1 m; Post 466.9 ? 125.1 m) and a decrease on the time to safely descend stairs (Pre: 6.8 ? 4.5 s; Post 5.4 ? 2.5 s). A significant (P < 0.05) group x time interaction was noted for the muscle size and mobility improvements. Conclusions: This exploration of RENEW in a heterogeneous cohort of older cancer survivors demonstrates increases in muscle size, strength and power along with improved mobility. The efficacy of a high-force, low perceived exertion exercise suggests RENEW may be suited to older individuals who are survivors of cancer

Noise reduction studies for the OV-1 airplane

A study has been conducted to define possible modifications to the OV-1 aircraft to reduce its aural detection distance. This effort involved documenting the noise characteristics of the airplane, devising modifications to reduce the noise, estimating the reduction in detection distance, and evaluating aircraft performance as a result of these modifications. It was found that the main noise source on this aircraft is the propeller and hence modifications only to the propeller and the propeller drive system are proposed. Modifications involving only the propeller are noted to involve no increase in weight but they result in only a modest decrease in aural detection distance. In order to obtain substantial decreases in aural detection distance, modifications involving changes both to the propeller and the engine-propeller gearing are required

System for measuring passenger reaction to transportation-vehicle vibration

Equipment is capable of measuring frequencies from 0 to 50 Hz and is portable, light, inexpensive, and easily adaptable to field operations. System could be used in situations where it is necessary to record simultaneously subject response to other types of physical measurement or stimuli, such as temperature, noise, or pressure

Noise measurement evaluations of various takeoff-climbout profiles of a four-engine turbojet transport airplane

Noise measurement evaluations of various takeoff-climbout profiles of four engine turbojet transport airplan

Position indicating, rotating boom

Universal multiplanar position indicating, rotating boom for mounting various instruments or sensors is described. Boom is telescoping, and apparatus is capable of 3 types of rotation controlled by electric motors. Movement may be continuous or incremental

Improved Dynamic Postural Task Performance without Improvements in Postural Responses: The Blessing and the Curse of Dopamine Replacement

Introduction. Dopamine-replacement medications may improve mobility while not improving responses to postural challenges and could therefore increase fall risk. The purpose of this study was to measure reactive postural responses and gait-related mobility of patients with PD during ON and OFF medication conditions. Methods. Reactive postural responses to the Pull Test and performance of the Functional Gait Assessment (FGA) were recorded from 15 persons with PD during ON and OFF medication conditions. Results. Persons with PD demonstrated no significant difference in the reactive postural responses between medication conditions but demonstrated significantly better performance on the FGA when ON medications compared to OFF. Discussion/Conclusion. Dopamine-replacement medications alone may improve gait-related mobility without improvements in reactive postural responses and therefore could result in iatrogenic increases in fall risk. Rehabilitation providers should be aware of the side effects and limitations of medication treatment and implement interventions to improve postural responses

Bees of Maine, with a State Species Checklist

We present a new county checklist developed from bee research in Maine since the 1800s. The list contains 278 bee species in 37 genera and 6 families, of which all but 8 are native, with ≥50 taxa each in Andrena and Lasioglossum. Data for 16 counties from publications, museum collections, and recent surveys varied in number of species from 8 (Androscoggin) to 197 (Hancock). Research since 1930 on Vaccinium angustifolium (Lowbush Blueberry) led to many records. Twenty-one species are considered unusual, including 3 first recorded in 2016: Epeoloides pilosulus, Melitta melittoides, and Holcopasites calliopsidis. Maine records provide evidence of declines in Bombus affinis, decline in B. terricola followed by partial recovery, and increase in B. impatiens. Crops that should be studied regarding associated bees are Malus pumila (Apple), Vaccinium corymbosum (Highbush Blueberry), Vaccinium macrocarpon (American Cranberry), and Curcurbitaceae (cucurbits). Montane, sandy, and island habitats were identified as priorities for future sampling. We discuss records of bee species from New England relevant to understanding the Maine fauna, bee diversity, changes in abundance, cleptoparasitism, pesticide impacts, habitat requirements, and climate change

In-situ scanning probe microscopy of electrodeposited nickel.

The performance characteristics and material properties such as stress, microstructure, and composition of nickel coatings and electroformed components can be controlled over a wide range by the addition of small amounts of surface-active compounds to the electroplating bath. Saccharin is one compound that is widely utilized for its ability to reduce tensile stress and refine grain size in electrodeposited nickel. While the effects of saccharin on nickel electrodeposition have been studied by many authors in the past, there is still uncertainty over saccharin's mechanisms of incorporation, stress reduction, and grain refinement. In-situ scanning probe microscopy (SPM) is a tool that can be used to directly image the nucleation and growth of thin nickel films at nanometer length scales to help elucidate saccharin's role in the development and evolution of grain structure. In this study, in-situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) techniques are used to investigate the effects of saccharin on the morphological evolution of thin nickel films. By observing mono-atomic height nickel island growth with and without saccharin present we conclude that saccharin has little effect on the nickel surface mobility during deposition at low overpotentials where the growth occurs in a layer-by-layer mode. Saccharin was imaged on Au(l11) terraces as condensed patches without resolved packing structure. AFM measurements of the roughness evolution of nickel films up to 1200 nm thick on polycrystalline gold indicate that saccharin initially increases the roughness and surface skewness of the deposit that at greater thickness becomes smoother than films deposited without saccharin. Faceting of the deposit morphology decreases as saccharin concentration increases even for the thinnest films that have 3-D growth