Use of anti drift nozzles in control of perennial weeds in vineyard nurseries

Table grapes are the most widespread fruit species in Chile, requiring a large amount of agrochemical products. Due to this large requirement, agrochemicals such as herbicides need to be applied precisely and in an environmentally safe manner in order to achieve the desired target. Weeds are a limiting factor in vine nurseries, where Cyperus rotundus, Sorghum halepense, and Cynodon dactylon are the hardest species to control. In this case, application though nozzles is of vital importance for a correct herbicide distribution and dosage over the target. However, the use of herbicides in vine nurseries has not been widely practiced and literature on the subject is very scarce. In this project, a comparative study between conventional extended range flat spray (XR) and drift effect nozzles (TT turbo teejet; DG drift guard; AI air injection) was conducted. Weed control with glyphosate and phytotoxicity in Vitis vinifera cv. Thompson Seedless self-rooted nursery plants were evaluated, under wind drift conditions of 5.8 km h-1. This wind drift and the low angle of elevation of the nozzle (35 cm) caused the herbicide to reach the vine, generating the same visual plant toxicity damage regardless of the nozzle type used, with an increasing damage from day 7 to 28 after application (DAA). A gradual decrease was observed from 36 DAA onwards. Although no differences between the nozzles with respect to drift damage were detected, the use of the DG nozzle resulted in a lower percentage of sprouting weeds. This may be due to the DG nozzle having significantly reduced drift compared to conventional or standard nozzles, and, in turn, generating smaller droplets than AI, favoring their retention on the leaves. Highlights At wind drift conditions of 5.8 km h-1 and a lowering elevation of the nozzle (35 cm), generating the same visual plant toxicity damage regardless of the nozzle type used. DG nozzle having significantly reduced drift compared to conventional or standard nozzles, and, in turn, generating smaller droplets than AI, favoring their retention on the leaves. Regrowth of C. dactylon, the nozzles with bigger drops (DG y AI) achieved better coverage and thus obtained a better control of this weed. While for S. halepense y C. rotundus, the nozzles with median sized drops (DG y TT) achieved minor regrowth, as they were not too small for bad coverage and not too big to drip through vertical leaves.Table grapes are the most widespread fruit species in Chile, requiring a large amount of agrochemical products. Due to this large requirement, agrochemicals such as herbicides need to be applied precisely and in an environmentally safe manner in order to achieve the desired target. Weeds are a limiting factor in vine nurseries, where Cyperus rotundus, Sorghum halepense, and Cynodon dactylon are the hardest species to control. In this case, application though nozzles is of vital importance for a correct herbicide distribution and dosage over the target. However, the use of herbicides in vine nurseries has not been widely practiced and literature on the subject is very scarce. In this project, a comparative study between conventional extended range flat spray (XR) and drift effect nozzles (TT turbo teejet; DG drift guard; AI air injection) was conducted. Weed control with glyphosate and phytotoxicity in Vitis vinifera cv. Thompson Seedless self-rooted nursery plants were evaluated, under wind drift conditions of 5.8 km h-1. This wind drift and the low angle of elevation of the nozzle (35 cm) caused the herbicide to reach the vine, generating the same visual plant toxicity damage regardless of the nozzle type used, with an increasing damage from day 7 to 28 after application (DAA). A gradual decrease was observed from 36 DAA onwards. Although no differences between the nozzles with respect to drift damage were detected, the use of the DG nozzle resulted in a lower percentage of sprouting weeds. This may be due to the DG nozzle having significantly reduced drift compared to conventional or standard nozzles, and, in turn, generating smaller droplets than AI, favoring their retention on the leaves. Highlights At wind drift conditions of 5.8 km h-1 and a lowering elevation of the nozzle (35 cm), generating the same visual plant toxicity damage regardless of the nozzle type used. DG nozzle having significantly reduced drift compared to conventional or standard nozzles, and, in turn, generating smaller droplets than AI, favoring their retention on the leaves. Regrowth of C. dactylon, the nozzles with bigger drops (DG y AI) achieved better coverage and thus obtained a better control of this weed. While for S. halepense y C. rotundus, the nozzles with median sized drops (DG y TT) achieved minor regrowth, as they were not too small for bad coverage and not too big to drip through vertical leaves

Phase Composition and Transport Properties of oxide ion conductors based on Sr1-xKxGeO3-x/2

Oxide ion conductors have been increasingly studied because of their potential applications in different electrochemical devices, such as, oxygen sensors, membranes for oxygen separation and components of fuel cells. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) are electrochemical devices that operate at high temperatures, 600-1000 ºC, with higher efficiency for electrical generation than conventional systems based on fuel combustion. The high operating temperatures of the SOFC is mainly due to the limited ionic conductivity of the electrolyte. Zr0.84Y0.16O1.92 (YSZ) is the electrolyte most widely used in commercial systems due to its high stability and oxide ion conductivity at elevated temperatures (900-1000 ºC). However, there is a great interest in the development of devices with lower operation temperatures (600-800 ºC) to overcome collateral problems like difficulties in cell sealing or shorter lifetime of the components caused by the high operation temperature of YSZ. The high oxide ion conductivities recently reported in Na- and K-doped strontium silicates and germanates, make them potentially suitable for SOFC electrolytes. In this work, the structure, microstructure and electrical properties of Sr1-xKxGeO3-x/2 (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2) compounds have been re-investigated. The materials have been prepared by conventional ceramic and freeze-drying precursor methods. Different phases are stabilized depending on the synthetic method and the sintering temperature. Samples prepared by freeze-drying at 700 ºC exhibit a triclinic structure, which transforms to a mixture of monoclinic and trigonal related phases on heating at 1000 ºC. The presence of some broad diffractions peaks, which are not fitted in the Rietveld analysis, indicates the existence of an amorphous or low-crystalline phase (ACn) that have been quantified by an external standard procedure (G-factor approach). The homogeneity and chemical composition of the samples were checked by scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX). The total conductivity of these materials was studied by impedance spectroscopy.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Ensayo sobre el emprendimiento digital en los jóvenes de 14 a 28 años

Ensayo II Congreso Internacional COFACESLa tecnología y el emprendimiento, para un joven van de la mano debido a que son la generación que más herramientas informáticas e información poseen para emprender. El país tiene cada vez más altos índices de desempleo, los cuales los jóvenes de hoy tienen menos oportunidad por esta razón la solución que están tomando varios jóvenes es: EMPRENDER1. Introducción 2. Argumentación 3. ConclusionesEspecializaciónEspecialista en Formulación y Evaluación Social y Económica de Proyecto

Instrumentación GPS de pruebas de carga en el Nuevo Puente de Ventas sobre la M-30 en Madrid

Se muestra en este artículo el trabajo realizado durante las pruebas de carga de puesta en servicio del Nuevo Puente de Ventas sobre la M-30 de Madrid, con el fin de determinar los desplazamientos producidos mediante la aplicación de técnicas GPS, así como la discusión de precisiones obtenidas y posibilidades que encierra este tipo de sistemas de instrumentación de deformaciones en obra civil

Effect of the Fe Nanoparticles Generated by Pulsed Plasma in Liquid in the Catalyzed Ozone Removal of Phenolphthalein

We have synthesized, in this work, zero valent iron (ZVI) nanoparticles to improve the efficiency of degradation of phenolphthalein catalyzed by ozone in aqueous solution. The Fe nanoparticles were obtained using the pulsed plasma in liquid (PPL) method with water as the liquid medium. Such nanoparticles have a mean size of 12 nm and are composed of ~80% Fe0, while the rest are a mixture of Fe+2 and Fe+3 oxides. The degradation of phenolphthalein was carried on a glass reactor injecting a constant amount of ozone and introducing different concentrations of Fe nanoparticles to the system. When using pure ozone, the percentage of degradation of phenolphthalein measured by colorimetry after one hour of reaction was 84%. However, when Fe nanoparticles are used, such percentage can be as high as 98% in 50 minutes of reaction. Furthermore, the degradation rate constant was 0.0334 min−1 with only ozone and it can be as high as 0.0733 min−1 with Fe nanoparticles. Finally, the total mineralization of phenolphthalein was obtained by total organic carbon (TOC) determinations. It is shown that when using only ozone, we obtained a percentage of mineralization of 49% and 96% when using the highest concentration of Fe nanoparticles