On Hierarchy and Equivalence of Relativistic Equations for Massive Fields

A non-canonical correspondence of the complete sets of solutions to the Dirac and Klein-Gordon free equations in Minkowski space-time is established. This allows for a novel viewpoint on the relationship of relativistic equations for different spins and on the origin of spinor transformations. In particular, starting from a solution to the Dirac equation, one obtains a chain of other solutions to both Dirac and Klein-Gordon equations. A comparison with the massless case is performed, and examples of non-trivial singular solutions are presented. A generalization to Riemannian space-time and inclusion of interactions are briefly discussed.Comment: 7 pages, twocolumn. Problem of construction the hierarchy of solutions in the massive case reformulate

Pola Komunikasi Orang Tua pada Edukasi Seksual dan Pencegahan HIV AIDS : Literature Review

Latar belakang: Tingginya angka penyakit menular seksual banyak terjadi karena kurangnya pengetahuan dan komunikasi orang tua. Komunikasi tentang masalah seksual antara orang tua dan remaja dapat mempengaruhi perilaku seksual remaja. Salah satu tantangannya adalah ketika memulai komunikasi tentang pendidikan seksual yang berpengaruh pada masalah pencegahan HIV/AIDS. Penting bagi anakanak untuk mendapatkan informasi yang tepat mengenai edukasi seksual dan pencegahan HIV/AIDS. Tujuan: Literatur review ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Pola Komunikasi Orang Tua pada Edukasi Seksual dan Pencegahan HIV/AIDS. Metode: Literature review ini menggunakan kata kunci berupa pola komunikasi orang tua, edukasi seksual, pencegahan HIV/AIDS. Dengan menggunakan empat database yaitu Google Scholar, Google Search, Wiley dan Pubmed. Kemudian dilakukan seleksi literature (PRISMA) dengan kriteria inklusi naskah full text yang dapat diakses dalam rentang tahun terbit sejak 1 Januari 2015 – 30 September 2020. Setelah itu dilakukan penilaian kualitas kelayakan menggunakan JBI Critical appraisal. Dan didapatkan lima jurnal yang diterima. Hasil: Hasil analisis didapatkan lima jurnal nasional, tiga dari jurnal tersebut menjelaskan pola komunikasi orang tua yang efektif memiliki keterkaitan pada edukasi seksual dan pencegahan HIV/AIDS. Simpulan dan Saran: Pola komunikasi orang tua yang efektif memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan pada edukasi seksual dan pencegahan HIV/AIDS. Saran dari literature review ini diharapkan orang tua bersedia memberikan edukasi mengenai seksualitas agar remaja terhindar dari perilaku seks bebas dan penyakit PMS (Penyakit menular seksual) HIV/AIDS

Characterisation of Connexin Expression and Electrophysiological Properties in Stable Clones of the HL-1 Myocyte Cell Line

The HL-1 atrial line contains cells blocked at various developmental stages. To obtain homogeneous sub-clones and correlate changes in gene expression with functional alterations, individual clones were obtained and characterised for parameters involved in conduction and excitation-contraction coupling. Northern blots for mRNAs coding for connexins 40, 43 and 45 and calcium handling proteins (sodium/calcium exchanger, L- and T-type calcium channels, ryanodine receptor 2 and sarco-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2) were performed. Connexin expression was further characterised by western blots and immunofluorescence. Inward currents were characterised by voltage clamp and conduction velocities measured using microelectrode arrays. The HL-1 clones had similar sodium and calcium inward currents with the exception of clone 2 which had a significantly smaller calcium current density. All the clones displayed homogenous propagation of electrical activity across the monolayer correlating with the levels of connexin expression. Conduction velocities were also more sensitive to inhibition of junctional coupling by carbenoxolone (∼80%) compared to inhibition of the sodium current by lidocaine (∼20%). Electrical coupling by gap junctions was the major determinant of conduction velocities in HL-1 cell lines. In summary we have isolated homogenous and stable HL-1 clones that display characteristics distinct from the heterogeneous properties of the original cell line

Pengaruh pemberian terapi musik klasik untuk menurunkan kecemasan pasien pre operasi di IBS literature review

Latar Belakang: Kecemasan didefinisikan sebagai respon emosional yang ditandai oleh perasaan waswas, takut, dan khawatir yang timbul ketika individu merasa terancam. Dimana tindakan operasi menjadi salah satu dari ancaman tersebut. Perasaan cemas akan terus meningkat 30-150 menit sebelum operasi berlangsung yang dapat mempengaruhi sistem hemodinamik dan sangat berisiko untuk dilakukan operasi sehingga meningkatkan penggunaan obat anestesi yang berdampak pada waktu pulih sadar pasien dan peningkatan risiko infeksi. Dibutuhkannya penatalakasaan kecemasan pre operasi yang dapat dilakukan dengan terapi farmakologi dan nonfarmakologi. Musik klasik sebagai salah satu terapi nonfarmakologi yang memiliki dampak positif dalam memberikan ketenangan dan rileksasi melalui respon sistem saraf pusat. Tujuan: Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian terapi musik klasik untuk menurunkan kecemasan pasien pre operasi di IBS. Metode: Metode penelitian menggunakan database Mendeley, Science Direct, dan PubMed sejak tahun 2017-2021, berbahasa Indonesia dan Inggris. Literature yang telah sesuai dengan topik penelitian selanjutnya dilakukan uji kelayakan menggunakan JBI quasy experiment dan Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) oleh dua reviewer. Hasil: Hasil analisa literature didapatkan bahwa pemberian terapi musik klasik dapat merangsang otak dalam memproduksi hormon endorfin dan serotonin yang dapat memberikan sensasi ketenangan sehingga mengurangi kecemasan pada pasien yang akan dilakukan prosedur operasi. Simpulan: Penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa adanya pengaruh terapi musik klasik untuk menurunkan kecemasan pada pasien pre operasi di IBS. Saran: Diharapkan kepada penata anestesi untuk dapat menerapkan hasil penelitian ini di lahan klinis

Pleural mesothelioma in a nine-month-old dog

This paper reports on an unusual case of pleural epitheloid mesothelioma in a nine-month-old male, mixed breed dog. The dog was presented in-extremis and, on post mortem examination, multiple, exophytic, frequently pedunculated, yellowish-red, soft to firm masses ranging from 3 mm to 6 cm in diameter were diffusely distributed over, and attached to, the pericardial and parietal pleural surfaces. Microscopically, these masses consisted of round to partially polygonalshaped, anaplastic cells with minimal cytoplasm and hyperchromatic nuclei covering papillomatous projections or as part of more densely cellular masses. A supporting fibrovascular stroma and mitotic figures were also evident. Constituent tumour cells were labeled positively with antibodies against both vimentin and cytokeratin. In contrast, the same cells exhibited equivocal labeling with an antibody directed against calretinin antigen and did not label with antibodies against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and milk fat globule-related antigen (MFGRA). Such tumours are rare in dogs, particularly in such a young animal

Microenvironment Changes (in pH) Affect VEGF Alternative Splicing

Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) has several isoforms, which differ in their capacity to bind extracellular matrix proteins and also in their affinity for VEGF receptors. Although the relative contribution of the VEGF isoforms has been studied in tumor angiogenesis, little is known about the mechanisms that regulate the alternative splicing process. Here, we tested microenvironment cues that might regulate VEGF alternative splicing. To test this, we used endometrial cancer cells that produce all VEGF isoforms as a model, and exposed them to varying pH levels, hormones, glucose and CoCl2 (to mimic hypoxia). Low pH had the most consistent effects in inducing variations in VEGF splicing pattern (VEGF121 increased significantly, p < 0.001, when compared to VEGF145, 165 or 189). This was accompanied by activation of the p38 stress pathway and SR proteins (splicing factors) expression and phosphorylation. SF2/ASF, SRp20 and SRp40 down-regulation by siRNA impaired the effects of pH stimulation, blocking the shift in VEGF isoforms production. Taken together, we show for the first time that acidosis (low pH) regulates VEGF-A alternative splicing, may be through p38 activation and suggest the possible SR proteins involved in this process

WWOX sensitises ovarian cancer cells to paclitaxel via modulation of the ER stress response

There are clear gaps in our understanding of genes and pathways through which cancer cells facilitate survival strategies as they become chemoresistant. Paclitaxel is used in the treatment of many cancers, but development of drug resistance is common. Along with being an antimitotic agent paclitaxel also activates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Here, we examine the role of WWOX (WW domain containing oxidoreductase), a gene frequently lost in several cancers, in mediating paclitaxel response. We examine the ER stress-mediated apoptotic response to paclitaxel in WWOX-transfected epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells and following siRNA knockdown of WWOX. We show that WWOX-induced apoptosis following exposure of EOC cells to paclitaxel is related to ER stress and independent of the antimitotic action of taxanes. The apoptotic response to ER stress induced by WWOX re-expression could be reversed by WWOX siRNA in EOC cells. We report that paclitaxel treatment activates both the IRE-1 and PERK kinases and that the increase in paclitaxel-mediated cell death through WWOX is dependent on active ER stress pathway. Log-rank analysis of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in two prominent EOC microarray data sets (Tothill and The Cancer Genome Atlas), encompassing ~800 patients in total, confirmed clinical relevance to our findings. High WWOX mRNA expression predicted longer OS and PFS in patients treated with paclitaxel, but not in patients who were treated with only cisplatin. The association of WWOX and survival was dependent on the expression level of glucose-related protein 78 (GRP78), a key ER stress marker in paclitaxel-treated patients. We conclude that WWOX sensitises EOC to paclitaxel via ER stress-induced apoptosis, and predicts clinical outcome in patients. Thus, ER stress response mechanisms could be targeted to overcome chemoresistance in cancer

Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) Expression in Allergic Asthmatic Airways: Role in Airway Smooth Muscle Migration and Chemokine Production

Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is a soluble pattern recognition receptor with non-redundant functions in inflammation and innate immunity. PTX3 is produced by immune and structural cells. However, very little is known about the expression of PTX3 and its role in allergic asthma.We sought to determine the PTX3 expression in asthmatic airways and its function in human airway smooth muscle cells (HASMC). In vivo PTX3 expression in bronchial biopsies of mild, moderate and severe asthmatics was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. PTX3 mRNA and protein were measured by real-time RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. Proliferation and migration were examined using (3)H-thymidine incorporation, cell count and Boyden chamber assays.PTX3 immunoreactivity was increased in bronchial tissues of allergic asthmatics compared to healthy controls, and mainly localized in the smooth muscle bundle. PTX3 protein was expressed constitutively by HASMC and was significantly up-regulated by TNF, and IL-1β but not by Th2 (IL-4, IL-9, IL-13), Th1 (IFN-γ), or Th-17 (IL-17) cytokines. In vitro, HASMC released significantly higher levels of PTX3 at the baseline and upon TNF stimulation compared to airway epithelial cells (EC). Moreover, PTX3 induced CCL11/eotaxin-1 release whilst inhibited the fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2)-driven HASMC chemotactic activity.Our data provide the first evidence that PTX3 expression is increased in asthmatic airways. HASMC can both produce and respond to PTX3. PTX3 is a potent inhibitor of HASMC migration induced by FGF-2 and can upregulate CCL11/eotaxin-1 release. These results raise the possibility that PTX3 may play a dual role in allergic asthma

Incorporating field wind data to improve crop evapotranspiration parameterization in heterogeneous regions

Accurate parameterization of reference evapotranspiration ( ET0) is necessary for optimizing irrigation scheduling and avoiding costs associated with over-irrigation (water expense, loss of water productivity, energy costs, and pollution) or with under-irrigation (crop stress and suboptimal yields or quality). ET0 is often estimated using the FAO-56 method with meteorological data gathered over a reference surface, usually short grass. However, the density of suitable ET0 stations is often low relative to the microclimatic variability of many arid and semi-arid regions, leading to a potentially inaccurate ET0 for irrigation scheduling. In this study, we investigated multiple ET0 products from six meteorological stations, a satellite ET0 product, and integration (merger) of two stations’ data in Southern California, USA. We evaluated ET0 against lysimetric ET observations from two lysimeter systems (weighing and volumetric) and two crops (wine grapes and Jerusalem artichoke) by calculating crop ET ( ETc) using crop coefficients for the lysimetric crops with the different ET0. ETc calculated with ET0 products that incorporated field-specific wind speed had closer agreement with lysimetric ET, with RMSE reduced by 36 and 45% for grape and Jerusalem artichoke, respectively, with on-field anemometer data compared to wind data from the nearest station. The results indicate the potential importance of on-site meteorological sensors for ET0 parameterization; particularly where microclimates are highly variable and/or irrigation water is expensive or scarce