Detección y caracterización de enterobacterias resistentes a múltiples fármacos, portadoras del gen modificador de aminoglucósidos en un hospital universitario de Río de Janeiro, Brasil, durante tres décadas

Introduction: Multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, particularly those resistant to gentamicin, have become one of the most important causes of nosocomial infections.Objective: We sought to investigate the presence of genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, specially to gentamicin, in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli multidrug-resistant strains isolated from different clinical materials among patients hospitalized in a university hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.Materials and methods: Ten colonization strains and 20 infection strains were evaluated during three decades (1980 to 2010) using selective media containing 8 μg/ml of gentamicin. Thirty strains were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Twenty two strains were subjected to plasmid DNA extraction and 12 to hybridization assays using as probe a 1.9 kb plasmid DNA fragment from one of the K. pneumoniae strains isolated from faecal samples. This fragment was sequenced and assigned to the GQ422439 GenBank record. PCR was also performed using oligonucleotides designed for aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes.Results: An accC2 acetylase, besides transposons and insertion sequences, were evidenced. Twenty-four (80%) of the isolates were positive for the aacC2 gene in agreement with antibiotic susceptibility testing profiles, indicating the persistent presence of this gene throughout the three decades. We detected high molecular weight plasmids in 54,5% of the strains. Of the tested strains, 91% showed positive signal in the hybridization assays.Conclusion: A gene codifying for one specific aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme was detected all throughout the three decades. Our data back the adoption of preventive measures, such as a more conscious use of antimicrobial agents in hospital environments, which can contribute to control the dissemination of microorganisms harboring resistance gene plasmids.Introducción. Las enterobacterias resistentes a la gentamicina se asocian frecuentemente a infecciones hospitalarias.Objetivo. Verificar la presencia de los genes que confieren resistencia a los aminoglucósidos, específicamente a la gentamicina, en cepas de Klebsiella pneumoniae y Escherichia coli multirresistentes, obtenidas de pacientes internados en un hospital universitario de Río de Janeiro.Materiales y métodos. Se recolectaron y evaluaron 10 cepas de colonización y 20 de infección entre 1980 y 2010, utilizando medios selectivos enriquecidos con gentamicina (8 μg/ml). Se obtuvieron 30 cepas en las que se determinó la resistencia a los antibióticos por medios fenotípicos. Veintidós muestras se sometieron a extracción de ADN plasmídico y se hicieron ensayos de hibridización en 12 de ellas, usando como sonda un fragmento de ADN plasmídico de 1,9 kb obtenido de una cepa de K. pneumoniae aislada de muestra fecal. Este fragmento fue secuenciado y correspondió al registro GQ422439 del GenBank. Se verificó la presencia de genes de enzimas modificadoras de aminoglucósidos mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa.Resultados. En las cepas analizadas se evidenció la presencia de la acetilasa accC2, además de transposones y secuencias de inserción. Veinticuatro aislamientos (80 %) fueron positivos para el gen aacC2 en concordancia con los perfiles de sensibilidad a los antibióticos, lo que indicó su persistencia a lo largo de las tres décadas. Se detectaron plásmidos de alto peso molecular en 54,5 % de las cepas. El 91 % de las cepas analizadas mostró signos positivos en las pruebas de hibridación.Conclusión. Se detectó la persistencia de un gen codificador de una enzima modificadora de aminoglucósidos a lo largo de las tres décadas. Los resultados indican que las medidas de prevención, tales como un uso más responsable de los agentes antimicrobianos en el ambiente hospitalario, pueden contribuir al control de la diseminación de microorganismos que albergan plásmidos de genes de resistencia

Detection of bacterial samples on the aquatic ecosystems adjacent to Saquarema Lagoon – Rio de Janeiro

Introduction: Saquarema Lagoon (RJ) has a high ecological and economic value owing to its multiple uses. The population’s constant growth increases the amount of sewage containing bacteria and antimicrobial drugs that are discharged to the environment. Objectives: to detect Gram negative bacilli able to colonize or infect humans and animals and determine their antimicrobial resistance profiles. Methodology:samples were collected in the city centre in April 2010 and at Jaconé (Lagoon’s most preserved site) in February 2011. The total and thermo tolerant coliforms were determined and the isolation of samples was made using agar media containing  32cg/ mL of cephalotin. All samples were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility (AST) and on 16 samples, plasmid DNA was extracted. Results: different Gram negative bacteria were detected, such as: Enterobacter spp, Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The coliform results showed that the water quality is proper for Human recreation. AST results demonstrated the existence of bacteria resistant to antimicrobial drugs frequently used in the community. It was possible to detected high molecular weight plasmids and nine samples (56,25%) showed at least one plasmid DNA electrophoresis band. Conclusions: there were not detected resistant samples to antimicrobial drugs normally used in hospital settings, which may possibly refute the idea of a contamination by nosocomial and/or veterinary sewage discharge

Detección de enterobacterias multirresistentes aisladas en aguas de los ríos que desembocan en la bahía de Guanabara y en muestras de hospitales de Río de Janeiro, Brasil

Introduction: The use of antibiotics in humans, animal husbandry and veterinary activities induces selective pressure leading to the colonization and infection by resistant strains.Objective: We evaluated water samples collected from rivers of the Guanabara Bay, which have suffered minor and major environmental degradation, and clinical samples of hospital origin to detect evidence of the presence of resistance genes to aminoglycosides, beta-lactam antibiotics and fluoroquinolones in strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae, K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae and Escherichia coli.Materials and methods: For isolation of the water strains we employed culture media containing 32 μg/ml cephalotin and 8 μg/ml gentamicin. The strains from clinical materials were selected using culture media containing 8 μg/ml gentamicin. The strains were identified and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST), plasmid DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect genes encoding enzymes modifying aminoglycosides (EMA), extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) and plasmid mechanisms of quinolone resistance (PMQR).Results: The AST of the isolates recovered from water samples showed multidrugresistance profiles similar to those found in isolates recovered from clinical materials. All isolates from water samples and 90% of the isolates from clinical samples showed at least one plasmid band. In the PCR assays, 7.4% of the isolates recovered from water samples and 20% of those from clinical materials showed amplification products for the three antimicrobial classes.Conclusion: We believe that the detection of microorganisms presenting genetic elements in environments such as water is necessary for the prevention and control of their dissemination with potential to infect humans and other animals in eventual contact with these environments.Introducción. El uso de antibióticos en seres humanos, en la industria pecuaria y en las actividades veterinarias induce una presión selectiva que resulta en la colonización e infección con cepas resistentes.Objetivo. Determinar la presencia de genes de resistencia a aminoglucósidos, betalactámicos y fluoroquinolonas en cepas de Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae, K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae y Escherichia coli, obtenidas de muestras de agua de los ríos que desembocan en la bahía de Guanabara y de muestras clínicas de hospitales de Río de Janeiro. Materiales y métodos. En la selección de las cepas resistentes obtenidas de las muestras de agua de los ríos, se emplearon medios de cultivo que contenían 32 μg/ml de cefalotina y 8 μg/ml de gentamicina. En el caso de las muestras de especímenes clínicos, se usaron medios de cultivo que contenían 8 μg/ml de gentamicina. Las cepas se identificaron y se sometieron a pruebas de sensibilidad antimicrobiana, extracción de ADN plasmídico y pruebas de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) para detectar los genes que codifican aquellas enzimas que modifican los aminoglucósidos, las betalactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) y los mecanismos de resistencia a las quinolonas mediados por plásmidos.Resultados. Se encontraron perfiles de resistencia a los antimicrobianos similares en los dos grupos. En todas las bacterias obtenidas de las muestras de agua y en 90 % de las muestras clínicas, se evidenciaron bandas de plásmidos asociados con la transferencia de genes de resistencia. En las pruebas de PCR, se obtuvieron productos de amplificación de los genes de resistencia para las tres clases de antimicrobianos analizados, en el 7,4 % de las bacterias recuperadas de las muestras de agua y en el 20 % de aquellas recuperadas de las muestras clínicas.Conclusión. La detección de microorganismos con elementos genéticos que confieren resistencia a los antibióticos en ambientes como el agua, es una estrategia necesaria para prevenir y controlar la diseminación de estos agentes patógenos con potencial para infectar a humanos y a otros animales en dichos ambientes

TENDÊNCIAS HISTÓRICAS DAS TAXAS DE SEDIMENTAÇÃO E ACÚMULO DE ELEMENTOS TRAÇO NO BAIXO CURSO DO RIO DOCE, ESPÍRITO SANTO, BRASIL

A bacia hidrográfica do rio Doce apresenta uma história de intensa ocupação humana e variedade de atividades econômicas e conseqüente poluição química. Este trabalho tem como objetivo determinar a concentração de elementos traço em sedimentos (Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Fe, Mn e Ni) no baixo curso da bacia do Rio Doce. Foram coletados três testemunhos sedimentares em diferentes pontos da bacia: um à montante, na frente e outro à jusante da cidade de Linhares. As taxas de sedimentação entre 0,12 e 2,87 cm ano-1 foram definidas pelo método baseado em 210Pb. Picos de concentração de elementos traço foram determinados no testemunho A (1970 e 2010). No testemunho B, foram determinados para as décadas de 1930, 1990 e 2000. As maiores concentrações médias de elementos traço foram determinados no ponto C. As concentrações de elementos traço apresentam-se em conformidade com fatos históricos registrados na bacia do Rio Doce como um todo

Educomunicação e suas áreas de intervenção: Novos paradigmas para o diálogo intercultural

oai:omp.abpeducom.org.br:publicationFormat/1O material aqui divulgado representa, em essência, a contribuição do VII Encontro Brasileiro de Educomunicação ao V Global MIL Week, da UNESCO, ocorrido na ECA/USP, entre 3 e 5 de novembro de 2016. Estamos diante de um conjunto de 104 papers executivos, com uma média de entre 7 e 10 páginas, cada um. Com este rico e abundante material, chegamos ao sétimo e-book publicado pela ABPEducom, em seus seis primeiros anos de existência. A especificidade desta obra é a de trazer as “Áreas de Intervenção” do campo da Educomunicação, colocando-as a serviço de uma meta essencial ao agir educomunicativo: o diálogo intercultural, trabalhado na linha do tema geral do evento internacional: Media and Information Literacy: New Paradigms for Intercultural Dialogue

Acute Zika Virus Infection in an Endemic Area Shows Modest Proinflammatory Systemic Immunoactivation and Cytokine-Symptom Associations

An early immune response to Zika virus (ZIKV) infection may determine its clinical manifestation and outcome, including neurological effects. However, low-grade and transient viremia limits the prompt diagnosis of acute ZIKV infection. We have investigated the plasma cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor profiles of 36 individuals from an endemic area displaying different symptoms such as exanthema, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, fever, hyperemia, swelling, itching, and nausea during early-phase infection. These profiles were then associated with symptoms, revealing important aspects of the immunopathophysiology of ZIKV infection. The levels of some cytokines/chemokines were significantly higher in acute ZIKV-infected individuals compared to healthy donors, including interferon (IFN) gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), IFN-γ, interleukin (IL)-9, IL-7, IL-5, and IL-1ra, including some with predominantly immunoregulatory activity. Of note, we found that higher levels of IP-10 and IL-5 in ZIKV-infected individuals were strongly associated with exanthema and headache, respectively. Also, higher levels of IL-1ra were associated with subjects with arthralgia, whereas those with fever showed lower levels of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF). No correlation was observed between the number of symptoms and ZIKV viral load. Interestingly, only IP-10 showed significantly decreased levels in the recovery phase. In conclusion, our results indicate that acute ZIKV infection in a larger cohort resident to an endemic area displays a modest systemic immune activation profile, involving both proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines and chemokines that could participate of virus control. In addition, we showed that differential cytokine/chemokine levels are related to specific clinical symptoms, suggesting their participation in underlying mechanisms

The use of antimicrobials in selective coliform media as a tool for quantifying resistant bacteria in aquatic ecosystems in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Introduction: Water samples were collected from two areas of the Guanabara Bay, which suffered minor and major environmental degradation. Objective: To isolate the total coliforms (TC) and faecal coliforms (FC) present in the water and to determine the similarity of their multidrug-resistance profiles with the ones found in nosocomial bacteria. Material and Methods: A conventional and a modified most-probable-number (MPN) tests were performed in parallel. The modified test comprised the use of 8mg/ml of gentamicin in each set of EC and Lactose tubes and another set with 32mg/ml cephalothin. The differences on the MPN between the three sets of tubes was then determined. Results: The NMP found in both TC and FC were lower in the set of tubes containing gentamicin when compared with the set of tubes containing cephalothin nevertheless with an exception from the samples belonging to Guaxindiba river (minor environmental degradation area) and Mangue channel (major environmental degradation area) where the MPN of both TC and FC were higher in the set of tubes containing gentamicin. Conclusions: The results obtained in this study suggest that the modified MPN may be a promising technique to assist in the management of hydric resources. This study also raises the issue of wastewater treatment and disposal in hospitals, which have a high level of bacterial selective pressure, being discarded in the vicinity of the area studied here enabling animals and humans to be exposed to treatment challenging pathogenic bacteria

Virulence-Associated Genes and Antimicrobial Resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila Isolates from Animal, Food, and Human Sources in Brazil

Aeromonads are natural inhabitants of aquatic environments and may be associated with various human or animal diseases. Its pathogenicity is complex and multifactorial and is associated with many virulence factors. In this study, 110 selected Aeromonas hydrophila isolates isolated from food, animals, and human clinical material from 2010 to 2015 were analyzed. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the disk diffusion method, and polymerase chain reaction was conducted to investigate the virulence genes hemolysin (hlyA), cytotoxic enterotoxin (act), heat-labile cytotonic enterotoxin (alt), aerolysin (aerA), and DNase-nuclease (exu). At least 92.7% of the isolates had one of the investigated virulence genes. Twenty different virulence profiles among the isolates were recognized, and the five investigated virulence genes were observed in four isolates. Human source isolates showed greater diversity than food and animal sources. Antimicrobial resistance was observed in 46.4% of the isolates, and multidrug resistance was detected in 3.6% of the isolates. Among the 120 isolates, 45% were resistant to cefoxitin; 23.5% to nalidixic acid; 16.6% to tetracycline; 13.7% to cefotaxime and imipenem; 11.8% to ceftazidime; 5.9% to amikacin, gentamicin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim; and 3.9% to ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin. Overall, the findings of our study indicated the presence of virulence genes and that antimicrobial resistance in A. hydrophila isolates in this study is compatible with potentially pathogenic bacteria. This information will allow us to recognize the potential risk through circulating isolates in animal health and public health and the spread through the food chain offering subsidies for appropriate sanitary actions