Weak KAM for commuting Hamiltonians

For two commuting Tonelli Hamiltonians, we recover the commutation of the Lax-Oleinik semi-groups, a result of Barles and Tourin ([BT01]), using a direct geometrical method (Stoke's theorem). We also obtain a "generalization" of a theorem of Maderna ([Mad02]). More precisely, we prove that if the phase space is the cotangent of a compact manifold then the weak KAM solutions (or viscosity solutions of the critical stationary Hamilton-Jacobi equation) for G and for H are the same. As a corrolary we obtain the equality of the Aubry sets, of the Peierls barrier and of flat parts of Mather's $\alpha$ functions. This is also related to works of Sorrentino ([Sor09]) and Bernard ([Ber07b]).Comment: 23 pages, accepted for publication in NonLinearity (january 29th 2010). Minor corrections, fifth part added on Mather's $\alpha$ function (or effective Hamiltonian

Systematic Implementation of Implicit Regularization for Multi-Loop Feynman Diagrams

Implicit Regularization (IReg) is a candidate to become an invariant framework in momentum space to perform Feynman diagram calculations to arbitrary loop order. In this work we present a systematic implementation of our method that automatically displays the terms to be subtracted by Bogoliubov's recursion formula. Therefore, we achieve a twofold objective: we show that the IReg program respects unitarity, locality and Lorentz invariance and we show that our method is consistent since we are able to display the divergent content of a multi-loop amplitude in a well defined set of basic divergent integrals in one loop momentum only which is the essence of IReg. Moreover, we conjecture that momentum routing invariance in the loops, which has been shown to be connected with gauge symmetry, is a fundamental symmetry of any Feynman diagram in a renormalizable quantum field theory

Genetic diversity of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars most utilized for wine production in Portugal

Portugal is very rich in grapevine biodiversity but nowadays only a small number of cultivars (13 black and 3 white) with defined enological characteristics are being used. However, there are still 51 cultivars with significant expression in the country which have a great potential to be used in the establishment of new vineyards. Considering the importance of identifying and understanding the genetic relatedness of the main cultivars used for wine making in Portugal, those cultivars were genotyped with the 6 SSRs loci VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VrZag62, VrZag79 and VVS2 that are recommended by the Office de la Vigne et du Vin for the elaboration of the worldwide database containing the alleles of all the known grapevine cultivars. A total of 49 alleles were detected with an average allele number of 8.17 per locus. The SSR profile of the 51 cultivars, at the 6 evaluated loci, indicates that all can be distinguished from each other. In addition, this study produces information on the relationship of these 51 grapevine cultivars with cultivars of other important Mediterranean wine producing regions

Validação da estratégia de silenciamento gênico visando indução de resistência a Meloidogyne incognita e Heterodera glycines em soja GM.

Nematoides parasitas de plantas representam o maior estresse biótico da agricultura, causando perdas anuais maiores que US$ 100 bilhões. Baseado nas limitações dos métodos de atuais de controle, o desenvolvimento de novas estratégias deve ser uma prioridade. Recentemente, a estratégia de silenciamento gênico, por interferência mediada por RNA dupla fita, tem-se mostrado muito promissora para o controle de nematoides. Nesse trabalho foi inserida em embriões de soja, pela técnica de biobalística, uma construção de RNAi correspondente a uma fusão de regiões de dois genes que codificam para fatores de processamento de mRNA de Heterodera glycines e Meloidogyne incognita, visando a obtenção de eventos de soja GM resistentes à esses fitonematoides. Para averiguar o efeito do silenciamento, 6 eventos GM foram desafiados com M. incognita. Seis semanas após a inoculação, as raízes das plantas foram avaliadas quanto à indução de resistência. Quando comparados ao tratamento controle, os eventos transgênicos mostraram uma redução signiricativa entre 71% a 92% no número de ovos por grama de raiz. Os eventos transgênicos não foram estatisticamente diferentes quando comparados entre si, exceto o evento GmFSMiHg ? 4IT3. Trabalhos publicados até o momento demonstram silenciamento in planta de 12 genes-alvo de Meloidogyne spp. ou Heterodera spp., resultando em redução de nematoides estabelecidos, fêmeas em desenvolvimento e/ou número de ovos de 68-95% em relação ao controle. Os resultados aqui apresentados mostram claramente a capacidade da soja transgênica em reduzir o potencial reprodutivo de M. incognita por meio de silenciamento gênico. A completa redução de M. incognita continua a ser o objetivo final, mas a redução parcial, como observado no bioensaio, pode ter aplicações importantes no controle de NFGs

Resistance to soybean cyst nematode: genetics and breeding in Brazil.

The soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, is one of the most important diseases in Brazil that causes losses in practically all Brazilian growing regions. Breeding for SCN resistance has become a priority for all soybean breeding programs, since genetic resistance is probably the only practical SCN control method. The oligogenic basis of resistance in soybean and the genetic diversity of nematode populations that can suffer selection pressure from resistant varieties are the challenges to be managed by researchers. The most common strategy to introduce SCN resistance in Brazil has been the selection of lines derived from populations resulting from crosses including adapted genotypes and North-American cultivars with resistance derived from ?Peking? (?Pickett?, ?Sharkey?, ?Centennial?, ?Padre?, ?Forrest?, ?Gordon?, among others) and/or from PIs 88788 (?Bedford?, ?Linford?, ?Fayette?, ?Leflore?, etc), 90763 (?Cordell?) and 437654 (?Hartwig?). Resistance of more than 60 Brazilian soybean cultivars was developed from few sources that normally provide resistance to race 3 or to races 1 and 3. A few varieties adapted to Central Brazil, the savannah area, have resistance to most races, except races 4+ and 14+ which are specific to Brazil and broke the resistance from ?Hartwig?. There are very few resistant varieties adapted to the Southern Region, where the demand for new resistant varieties is likely to increase in the near future. Selection assisted by molecular markers for SCN resistance is already a routine in some breeding programs and will become absolutely necessary to improve the selection efficiency and increase the genetic gains for this trait

The Dynamic Analysis of Piping Systems using Pseudo-Dynamic Techniques

This paper describes an application of pseudo-dynamic techniques to the dynamic analysis of piping structures. Essentially it consists in coupling a direct time integration algorithm, such as the Newmark method, to an experimental step. At each time step the integration algorithm generates a displacement vector of the structure, which is prescribed for the test specimen. This is mounted in a rigid test rig fitted with a set of displacement actuators and load cells at the level of the structure degrees of freedom. The load cells allow the reading of the internal restoring force vector, which is fed back to the direct time integration algorithm in an actual time step. Further calculations for the velocity and acceleration vectors will define a new structure configuration by evaluating a new displacement vector referred to the next time step. This procedure makes it possible to assess experimentally a realistic stress distribution at sections of complex shape piping parts. The method is a precise tool in dynamic analysis and, on being carried out in a quasi-static procedure, it operates with less expensive equipment than is necessary in real dynamic test

Regularization Independent Analysis of the Origin of Two Loop Contributions to N=1 Super Yang-Mills Beta Function

We present a both ultraviolet and infrared regularization independent analysis in a symmetry preserving framework for the N=1 Super Yang-Mills beta function to two loop order. We show explicitly that off-shell infrared divergences as well as the overall two loop ultraviolet divergence cancel out whilst the beta function receives contributions of infrared modes.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures, typos correcte

Using globally threatened pelagic birds to identify priority sites for marine conservation in the South Atlantic Ocean

The Convention on Biological Diversity aspires to designate 10% of the global oceans as Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), but so far, few MPAs protect pelagic species in the high seas. Transparent scientific approaches are needed to ensure that these encompass areas with high biodiversity value. Here we used the distribution of all globally threatened seabirds breeding in a centrally located archipelago (Tristan da Cunha) to provide guidance on where MPAs could be established in the South Atlantic Ocean. We combined year-round tracking data from six species, and used the systematic conservation-planning tool, 'Zonation', to delineate areas that would protect the largest proportion of each population. The areas used most intensively varied among species and seasons. Combining the sites used by all six species suggested that the most important areas of the South Atlantic are located south of South Africa, around the central South Atlantic between 30 degrees S and 55 degrees S, and near South America. We estimated that the longline fishing effort in these intensively used areas is around 11 million hooks on average each year, highlighting the need for improved monitoring of seabird bycatch rates and the enforcement of compliance with bird bycatch mitigation requirements by fisheries. There was no overlap between the identified areas and any of the existing MPAs in the South Atlantic. The conservation of these highly mobile, pelagic species cannot be achieved by single countries, but requires a multi-national approach at an ocean-basin scale, such as an agreement for the conservation of biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction under the United Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea

Pegada hídrica da manga em sistemas alternativos de produção.

No Vale do São Francisco, maior região produtora e exportadora de manga do Brasil, a produção de manga é intensiva, baseada no monocultivo e no uso de insumos externos à propriedade agrícola. Neste trabalho, avalia-se a pegada hídrica da manga produzida em quatro sistemas alternativos, com adubação verde entrelinhas de mangueiras: i) sistema 1, com coquetel vegetal (75%Leguminosa+25%Não leguminosa) cortado e mantido sobre o solo (SI); ii) sistema 2, com vegetação espontânea SI; iii) sistema3 com coquetel vegetal (75%Leguminosa+25%Não leguminosa) cortado e incorporado ao solo (CI); e iv) sistema 4, com vegetação espontânea CI. As seguintes categorias relacionadas ao uso da água são consideradas nesse estudo: depleção hídrica, eutrofização (marinha e de água doce), toxicidade humana e ecotoxicidade aquática. Os dados foram coletados em experimento implantado na Estação Experimental de Bebedouro, em Petrolina PE, considerando os sete primeiros anos do pomar, abrangendo as fases de implantação, crescimento e estabilização. Seguiu as normas NBR ISO 14040 (ABNT, 2009) para avaliação de ciclo de vida, 14046 (ABNT, 2017) para pegada hídrica. Os resultados indicaram que o sistema 3 apresentou a menor pegada para a maioria das categorias (eutrofização de águas doces e marinha, depleção hídrica e ecotoxicidade). Em todas as categorias avaliadas, os sistemas compostos por vegetação espontânea, independente do manejo de solo adotado, apresentaram as piores avaliações ambientais. O fator produtividade na avaliação de ciclo de vida foi determinante para o desempenho ambiental do sistema 4 uma vez que acarretou a maior produção de manga dentre os sistemas analisados. Todos os sistemas avaliados geraram valores negativos de eutrofização marinha devido a quantidade demandada de nitrogênio ter sido superior a demandada pelas mangueiras e adubos verdes. Assim, indica-se o sistema 2 como o de melhor desempenho técnico e ambiental, devendo-se compará-lo com o sistema convencional de produção de manga como próxima etapa do trabalho

Enterococcus faecium as potential probiotic for ornamental neotropical cichlid fish, Pterophyllum scalare (Schultze, 1823).

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