Desejo de mudança: das motivações e razões que levaram à derrota do PT em Porto Alegre nas eleições de 2004 = Desire for change: the motives and reasons behind the defeat of the PT in Porto Alegre in the 2004 elections

O objetivo do artigo é avaliar em que medida o orçamento participativo influenciava a decisão eleitoral em Porto Alegre até 2004, último ano de governo do partido dos trabalhadores (PT) naquele municiípio. Com base em dados de um survey aplicado em 3 de outubro de 2004, o artigo fez uma radiografia do eleitor naquele momento de transição, procurando investigar as razões de sua escolha eleitoral e sua percepção acerca do mecanismo essencial dos governos petistas na capital do Rio Grande do Sul: o orçamento participativ

MIGRAÇÃO ESPONTÂNEA DE TRABALHADORES NO SETOR SUCROALCOOLEIRO.

Com a reestruturação e modernização do Complexo Agroindustrial (CAI) canavieiro no Estado de São Paulo, milhares de trabalhadores rurais oriundos das regiões mais pobres do Brasil passaram a migrar todos os anos para São Paulo. Estes migrantes vêm para trabalhar no corte manual da cana-de-açúcar e, enxergam nesta atividade uma forma de melhorar as condições de vida, a partir do dinheiro ganho durante a safra. Porém, devido principalmente às questões ambientais, a queima da cana-de-açúcar ficará proibida por lei num futuro próximo. Desta forma, em virtude da proibição da queima da cana-de-açúcar e conseqüente aumento da mecanização na colheita, grande parte desta mão-de-obra estará sem o emprego no corte da cana-de-açúcar. O presente estudo, então, teve como objetivo central analisar o caso dos trabalhadores migrantes espontâneos no Estado de São Paulo, ou seja, daqueles que vêm por conta própria para a colheita da cana-de-açúcar. Procurou-se aqui tentar entender quais são os principais motivos que os levam a migrar para São Paulo todos os anos, bem como quais são as expectativas futuras destas pessoas para quando a colheita da cana-de-açúcar estiver 100% mecanizada, ou seja, para quando não existir mais o emprego no corte manual de cana. A metodologia adotada foi a aplicação de questionários em diversos trabalhadores rurais que vieram para o corte da cana em São Paulo. Além disso, escolheu-se tanto uma cidade dormitório quanto uma cidade de origem destas pessoas, para a realização de diversas visitas, onde pessoas chave foram entrevistadas, com intuito de levantar todas as informações referentes aos impactos sócio-econômicos deste fluxo migratório para as duas cidades. A cidade dormitório escolhida foi o município de Leme (SP), e a cidade de origem foi Pedra Branca (CE). A partir dos resultados do estudo foi possível perceber que de fato o fim do corte manual de cana em São Paulo vai causar diversos impactos, tanto positivos quanto negativos, nestes dois municípios.-----------------------------------With the advent of São Paulo State’s sugarcane agricultural and industrial sector modernisation and restructuring, a massive and yearly migration of thousands of rural labours originally from Brazilian poor regions has emerged to that State. By seeking out on sugarcane manual cutting a better way of improving their life conditions of affordability, such migrants are encouraged to come to this activity because they are likely to make more money during the main sugarcane harvest season, when comparing to their original place. In order to tackle environmental issues (i.e. climate change), sugarcane field burning, which is necessary for manual harvesting, will be forbidden in a near future so that there will be supposedly a scenario of huge unemployment, as this kind of harvesting shall be replaced by mechanised harvest systems. The focus of this work is then to analyse spontaneous worker’s migration from Brazilian poor regions to São Paulo State, which means, the case of those ones who came by themselves for working as sugarcane cutters. The main intentions were to understand the main reasons of people’s every year migration, as well as the expectation of them for when sugarcane sector achieve full mechanisation figures in terms of harvest processes; hence, no longer including cutters’ activity. The survey was carried out by applying questionnaires on several rural labours chosen in their both departure region and destination, being the former Pedra Branca city (Ceará State) and the latter Leme city (São Paulo State), considering that these two places are significant to explain migration processes. Key people from both cities were also interviewed aiming to collect helpful information about possible social and economical local impacts of migratory flows. Insights from the obtained results point that the future absence of sugarcane manual harvesting will impact in positively and negatively way on both places.Migração espontânea, corte de cana, mecanização, impactos sócio-econômicos, Spontaneous migration, sugarcane manual cutting, mechanisation, social and economical impacts, Agribusiness, Crop Production/Industries,

Sealing ability of castor oil polymer as a root-end filling material

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sealing ability of castor oil polymer (COP), mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and glass ionomer cement (GIC) as root-end filling materials. Forty-five single-rooted human teeth were cleaned and prepared using a step-back technique. The apical third of each root was resected perpendicularly to the long axis direction. All teeth were obturated with gutta-percha and an endodontic sealer. After, a root-end cavity with 1.25-mm depth was prepared using a diamond bur. The specimens were randomly divided into three experimental groups (n=15), according to the root-end filling material used: G1) COP; G2) MTA; G3) GIC. The external surfaces of the specimens were covered with epoxy adhesive, except the root-end filling. The teeth were immersed in rhodamine B dye for 24 hours. Then, the roots were sectioned longitudinally and the linear dye penetration at the dentin/material interface was determined using a stereomicroscope. ANOVA and Tukey's tests were used to compare the three groups. The G1 group (COP) presented smaller dye penetration, statistically different than the G2 (MTA) and G3 (GIC) groups (p;0.05). The results of this study indicate that the COP presented efficient sealing ability when used as a root-end filling material showing results significantly better than MTA and GIC

Digestive physiology and characterization of digestive cathepsin L-like proteinase from the sugarcane weevil Sphenophorus levis

Sugarcane is an important crop that has recently become subject to attacks from the weevil Sphenophorus levis, which is not efficiently controlled with chemical insecticides. This demands the development of new control devices for which digestive physiology data are needed. in the present study, ion-exchange chromatography of S. levis whole midgut homogenates, together with enzyme assays with natural and synthetic substrates and specific inhibitors, demonstrated that a cysteine proteinase is a major proteinase, trypsin is a minor one and chymotrypsin is probably negligible. Amylase, maltase and the cysteine proteinase occur in the gut contents and decrease throughout the midgut; trypsin is constant in the entire midgut, whereas a membrane-bound aminopeptidase predominates in the posterior midgut. the cysteine proteinase was purified to homogeneity through ion-exchange chromatography. the purified enzyme had a mass of 37 kDa and was able to hydrolyze Z-Phe-Arg-MCA and Z-Leu-Arg-MCA with k(cat)/K(m) values of 20.0 +/- 1.1 mu M(-1) s(-1) and 30.0 +/- 0.5 mu M(-1) s(-1), respectively, but not Z-Arg-Arg-MCA. the combined results suggest that protein digestion starts in the anterior midgut under the action of a cathepsin L-like proteinase and ends on the surface of posterior midgut cells. All starch digestion takes place in anterior midgut. These data will be instrumental to developing S. levis-resistant sugarcane. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Univ São Paulo, Inst Chem, Dept Biochem, BR-05513970 São Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Carlos, Dept Genet & Evolut, Mol Biol Lab, BR-13565905 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Biophys, BR-04044020 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Biophys, BR-04044020 São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Effectiveness of carbamide peroxide and sodium perborate in non-vital discolored teeth

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of 16% carbamide peroxide gel (CP16%), tetrahydrate sodium perborate (SP) and mixture (CP16% + SP), in walking bleaching of non-vital discolored teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty single-rooted human premolars with intact crowns were used and initial color was assessed using Vita shade guide and standardized photos. The teeth were stained using rabbit fresh blood for 18 days and photos of discolored teeth and color evaluation were performed. The teeth were divided into 4 groups (n= 15), according to bleaching agent used: G1) CP16% gel; G2) CP16% gel + SP; G3) SP + distilled water; G4: control. The bleaching agents were replaced twice at 7-day intervals for 21 days. All teeth were evaluated by two endodontists at days 0, 7, 14 and 21 and the color changes were assessed using Vita shade guide and standardized photos. The results were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests (p=0.05). RESULTS: The experimental groups presented statistically similar bleaching results (p>;0.05) at the end of 7, 14 and 21 days. These groups presented significantly higher bleaching efficacy than control group (G4) (

MODELO EXPERIMENTAL DE SUIT TERAPIA: EFEITOS SOBRE O MÚSCULO SÓLEO DE RATOS WISTAR

ABSTRATC Objectives: Analyze the effects of an experimental model of suit therapy on morphometry of the soleus muscle of Wistar rats. Methods: 30 rats were divided into 5 groups: G1 control; G2, placebo; G3, stay with the suit therapy model; G4, stay with the suit therapy model and adapted overload; G5, stay with the suit therapy model and traction carried out by elastic. The application of the suit therapy model protocol was performed for 40 hours distributed in 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the soleus muscle was collected, weighed, measured for length and processed for light microscopy, with subsequent analysis of the area and smaller diameter of the muscle fiber. Data were analyzed with ANOVA one way test one way with Tukey's post-test, with p <0.05 as statistically significant. Results: No differences were found between the groups for the length and mass of the soleus muscle, as well as in the area and the smaller diameter of the muscle fiber. Conclusion: The experimental model of suit therapy did not induce morphological changes in the soleus muscle of Wistar rats, that indicate it potential uses in therapy.RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar los efectos de un modelo experimental de suit terapia sobre la morfologia del músculo sóleo de ratones Wistar. Materiales y Métodos: 30 ratones fueron divididos en 5 grupos: G1, control; G2, placebo; G3, uso del  modelo suit terapia; G4, uso del modelo suit terapia, acoplado a una sobrecarga adaptada; G5, uso del modelo suit terapia y tracción realizada por elásticos. El modelo suit terapia fue utilizado por 40 horas, distribuidas en 4 semanas. Al término del experimento, el músculo sóleo fue colectado, pesado, mensurado cuanto a la largura y procesado para microscopia de luz, y  se ha analizado el área y menor diámetro de la fibra muscular. El test Anova one way con El post-test de Tukey, con p<0,05, fue aplicado en el estudio como estadísticamente significativo. Resultados: No fueron verificadas diferencias entre los grupos estudiados en relación a la largura y el peso del músculo sóleo, así como en el área y en el menor diámetro de la fibra muscular. Conclusión: El modelo experimental de suit terapia con 40 horas de tratamiento no indujo cambios  morfométricos capaces de alterar la estructura microscópica del músculo sóleo de ratones Wistar, lo que indica su potencial uso terapéutico.RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos de um modelo experimental de suit terapia sobre a morfologia do músculo sóleo de ratos Wistar. Materiais e Métodos: 30 ratos foram divididos em 5 grupos: G1, controle; G2, placebo; G3, uso do modelo suit terapia; G4, uso do modelo suit terapia, acoplado a uma sobrecarga adaptada; G5, uso do modelo suit terapia e tração realizada por elásticos. O modelo suit terapia foi utilizado por 40 horas, distribuídas em 4 semanas. Ao término do experimento, o músculo sóleo foi coletado, pesado, mensurado quanto ao comprimento e processado para microscopia de luz, e analisado a área e menor diâmetro da fibra muscular. O teste Anova one way com pós-teste de Tukey, com p<0,05, foi aplicado no estudo como estatisticamente significativo. Resultados: Não foram verificadas diferenças entre os grupos estudados em relação ao comprimento e massa do músculo sóleo, bem como na área e no menor diâmetro da fibra muscular. Conclusão: O modelo experimental de suit terapia com 40 horas de tratamento, não induziu mudanças morfométricas capazes de alterar a estrutura microscópica do músculo sóleo de ratos Wistar, o que indica seu potencial uso terapêutico

Evaluation of longitudinal ligament of the spine of Wistar rats in an experimental model of Suit therapy

RESUMO Ligamentos adaptam-se de acordo com a intensidade da atividade física e carga mecânica a que são submetidos. Na última década, na área da fisioterapia neurofuncional infantil, têm surgido métodos e protocolos que possuem em comum o termo suit para caracterizar a existência de vestimentas com bandas elásticas ajustáveis e a possibilidade da aplicação de carga sobre o esqueleto humano. Visto que a carga mecânica pode produzir alterações fibrocartilaginosas sobre os ligamentos e que não foram encontrados estudos avaliando o efeito da terapia suit sobre os ligamentos da coluna, justificam-se pesquisas com métodos experimentais de carga. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar as espessuras e morfologia dos ligamentos longitudinais da coluna de ratos Wistar quando submetidos à carga mecânica por compressão vertebral. Trinta animais foram separados em cinco grupos (G1 - controle; G2 - simulação do uso de suit; G3, G4 e G5 - manutenção da vestimenta). Ao modelo experimental do suit, em G4 e G5, foram adaptados pesos ou elásticos dispostos em "X" para sobrecarga vertebral de 50% do peso do animal, que permaneceram com a vestimenta por 40 horas ao longo de 4 semanas de experimento, 5 dias por semana. Não houve diferenças significativas para a espessura, assim como não foram observadas mudanças morfológicas nos ligamentos longitudinais. Conclui-se que não houve alterações nos ligamentos longitudinais da coluna em animais submetidos ao modelo experimental de suit terapia.RESUMEN Pueden adaptarse los ligamentos a la intensidad de la actividad física y a la carga mecánica sometida a ellos. En la última década, han surgido métodos y protocolos en el área de fisioterapia neurofuncional infantil que tienen en común el término "suit" para caracterizar la existencia de ropas con bandas elásticas ajustables y la posibilidad de aplicación de cargas en el esqueleto humano. Debido a que la carga mecánica puede producir alteraciones fibrocartilaginosas en los ligamentos y que no han sido encontrados estudios que evaluaron el efecto de la terapia suit en los ligamentos de la columna vertebral, las investigaciones con métodos experimentales de carga son necesarias. Este estudio tiene el propósito de evaluar las espesuras y la morfología de los ligamentos longitudinales de la columna vertebral de ratas Wistar cuando sometida a carga mecánica por compresión vertebral. Se dividieron treinta ratas en cinco grupos (G1 -grupo control; G2 -simulación de la utilización del suit; G3, G4, G5 -mantenimiento de la ropa). Desde el modelo experimental del suit, en el G4 y G5 se adaptaron pesos o elásticos puestos en "X" para la sobrecarga vertebral de 50% del peso de los animales, los cuales permanecieron con la ropa durante cuarenta horas, al largo de cuatro semanas de experimento, en cinco días semanales. No fueron observadas diferencias significativas para la espesura, tampoco cambios morfológicos en los ligamentos longitudinales. Se concluye que no se observaron alteraciones en los ligamentos longitudinales de la columna vertebral de los animales sometidos al modelo experimental de la terapia suit.ABSTRACT Ligaments adapt according to the intensity of physical activity and mechanical load to which they are subjected. In the last decade there have been methods and protocols in the field of infant neurofunctional physiotherapy, which have the term "suit" in common, to characterize the existence of suits with adjustable elastic bands and the possibility of applying load on the human skeleton. Since the mechanical load can produce fibrocartilaginous changes on the ligaments and also that no studies evaluating the effect of suit therapy on ligaments of the spine were found, research with experimental methods of load are justified. The aim of this study was to analyze thickness and morphology of longitudinal ligaments of the spine of Wistar rats when subjected to mechanical load by vertebral compression. Thirty animals were separated into five groups (G1 - control; G2 - simulation of the use of suit; G3, G4, and G5 - maintenance of the suit). The suit experimental model, in G4 and G5, were adapted weights or elastic bands arranged in "X" for 50% of spinal overload of the weight of the animal, who remained with the suit for 40 hours over four weeks of experiment, five days a week. There were no significant differences for thickness, and morphological changes of longitudinal ligaments were also not observed. We concluded that there were no changes in longitudinal ligaments of the spine in animals subjected to the experimental model of suit therapy

Antifungal drug susceptibility profile of Pichia anomala isolates from patients presenting with nosocomial fungemia

In vitro susceptibility of 58 isolates of Pichia anomala to five antifungal drugs using two broth microdilution methods (CLSI and EUCAST) was analyzed. Low susceptibility to itraconazole was observed. Fluconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B, and caspofungin showed good antifungal activity, although relatively high drug concentrations were necessary to inhibit the isolates.Inst Adolfo Lutz Registro, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Div Infect Dis, São Paulo, BrazilUniv Estadual Campinas, Fac Med Sci, Div Infect Dis, Campinas, SP, BrazilUniv Catolica Argentina, Fac Med, Buenos Aires, DF, ArgentinaUniv São Paulo, Hosp Clin, Lab Clin Micorbiol, São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Hosp Clin, Hosp Infect Control Dept, LIM 54, São Paulo, BrazilHosp Sirio Libanes, São Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Rio de Janeiro, Dept Internal Med, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Hosp Clin, Dept Infect Dis, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Div Infect Dis, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Naturally Acquired Humoral Immunity against Malaria Parasites in Non-Human Primates from the Brazilian Amazon, Cerrado and Atlantic Forest.

Plasmodium - Plasmodium brasilianum - P. malariae - P. malariae - P. falciparum - P. vivax - Plasmodium content: - "Non-human primates (NHPs) have been shown to be infected by parasites of the genus " - ", the etiological agent of malaria in humans, creating potential risks of zoonotic transmission. " - ", a parasite species similar to " - " of humans, have been described in NHPs from Central and South America, including Brazil. The merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1), besides being a malaria vaccine candidate, is highly immunogenic. Due to such properties, we tested this protein for the diagnosis of parasite infection. We used recombinant proteins of " - " MSP1, as well as of " - " and " - ", for the detection of antibodies anti-MSP1 of these parasite species, in the sera of NHPs collected in different regions of Brazil. About 40% of the NHP sera were confirmed as reactive to the proteins of one or more parasite species. A relatively higher number of reactive sera was found in animals from the Atlantic Forest than those from the Amazon region, possibly reflecting the former more intense parasite circulation among NHPs due to their proximity to humans at a higher populational density. The presence of " - " positive NHPs in the surveyed areas, being therefore potential parasite reservoirs, needs to be considered in any malaria surveillance program.