Prevalência de uso de suplementos nutricionais e outras substâncias por estudantes de medicina em Salvador, Bahia, 2020

Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência do uso de suplementos nutricionais e outras substâncias por estudantes de medicina de uma instituição privada em Salvador-Bahia em 2020. Métodos: Estudo de prevalência, com amostra probabilística, com dados obtidos através da aplicação de questionários on-line sobre informações demográficas, sociais e econômica e uso de suplementos nutricionais e outras substâncias. Foram estimados a prevalência, a razão de prevalência e o Intervalo de Confiança a 95%. Resultados: a amostra foi composta por 337 alunos, a maioria com idade entre 21 e 23 anos, sexo feminino, renda familiar entre R$5.000,00 e R$10.000,00, cursando o ciclo básico e praticantes de atividades físicas regulares, sendo as mais frequentes: musculação, corrida e caminhada. Aminoácidos e concentrados proteicos, vitaminas, complexos vitamínicos e outros produtos naturais e energéticos foram os mais utilizados. A maior prevalência foi nos homens, exceto para vitaminas, complexos vitamínicos e outros produtos naturais. Conclusão: Ressalta-se a importância da atenção à saúde física e mental dos universitários, visto que sofrem influência social e midiática relacionada ao culto ao corpo, que pode potencializar o risco do uso excessivo e desnecessário de suplementos nutricionais e outras substâncias.Objective: To estimate the prevalence of the use of dietary supplements and other substances by medical students at a private institution in Salvador-Bahia in 2020. Methods: A prevalence study, with a probabilistic sample, and data obtained through the application of online questionnaires on demographic, social and economic information and on the use of dietary supplements and other substances. The prevalence, prevalence ratio and 95% confidence interval were estimated. Results: the sample consisted of 337 students, most aged between 21 and 23 years old, female, family income between R$5,000.00 and R$ 10,000.00, attending the pre-clinical stage in the course and practicing regular physical activities, the most frequent: weight training, running, and walking. Amino acids and protein concentrates, vitamins, vitamin complexes and other natural and energy products were the most used. The highest prevalence was in men, except for vitamins, vitamin complexes and other natural products. Conclusion: The importance of physical and mental health of university students is highlighted, since they suffer social and media influence related to the cult of the body, which can increase the risk of excessive and unnecessary use of dietary supplements and other substances

Surto de doença de Chagas aguda associada à transmissão oral

Seven individuals living in a town in the Southwest of Bahia developed sudden signs of cardiac and systemic impairment, with lethality of 28.6%. Serological tests were positive at least in one test in the five patients examined. Forty percent of the Triatoma sordida mynphs found inside or around Trypanosoma cruzi were found by blood culturig in there out five cases the homes of these cases were positive for Trypanosoma cruzi. Transmission probably occurred through consumption of water contaminated with triatomine feces. These findings emphasize the necessity to evaluation the importance of vectors like Triatoma sordida in maintaining the endemicity of this disease.Sete indivíduos que viviam em uma cidade do sudoeste da Bahia desenvolveram sinais súbitos de envolvimento cardíaco e sistêmico com letalidade de 28,6% Trypanosoma cruzi foi isolado por hemocultura em três de cinco casos examinados. Testes sorológicos foram positivos em mais de um teste nos cinco pacientes, que os realizaram. Qinquenta por cento dos Triatoma sordida encontrados na residência ou no peridomicilio dos casos estavam positivos para Trypanosoma cruzi. A transmissão provavelmente foi devido à ingestão de água contaminada por fezes de triatomíneos. Estes achados enfatizam a necessidade de se avaliar a importância de vetores como Triatoma sordida na manutenção da endemicidade da doença

TECNOLOGIAS DIGITAIS NA EDUCAÇÃO EM TEMPO DE PANDEMIA: DESAFIOS DOCENTES NA BAHIA-BRASIL

Produced from studies carried out in the curricular component Information Technologies and Social Diffusion of Knowledge of the Doctorate in Knowledge Diffusion (UFBA - UNEB - IFBA -UEFS - LNCC - SENAI CIMATEC) with students and teachers of Basic Education in Bahia, this article, presents the clipping that aims to identify the challenges of the use of digital technologies by teachers in the State of Bahia in the face of the problem of COVID-19. For this purpose, the Problem-Based Learning strategy and the application of a semi-structured questionnaire were used. The results show the teaching challenge in the use of digital technologies in remote educational processes. In this way, it became evident that remote teaching opened education to alternative teaching methods and innovative aspects of pedagogical practice.Producido a partir de estudios realizados en el componente curricular Tecnologías de la Información y Difusión Social del Conocimiento del Doctorado en Difusión del Conocimiento (UFBA - UNEB - IFBA -UEFS - LNCC - SENAI CIMATEC) con estudiantes y profesores de Educación Básica en Bahía, este artículo, presenta el recorte que tiene como objetivo identificar los desafíos del uso de las tecnologías digitales por parte de los docentes del Estado de Bahía frente al problema de la COVID-19. Para ello se utilizó la estrategia de Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas y la aplicación de un cuestionario semiestructurado. Los resultados muestran el desafío docente en el uso de las tecnologías digitales en los procesos educativos a distancia. De esta manera, se hizo evidente que la enseñanza a distancia abrió la educación a métodos de enseñanza alternativos y aspectos innovadores de la práctica pedagógica.Produzido a partir dos estudos realizados no componente curricular Tecnologias da Informação e Difusão Social do Conhecimento do Doutorado em Difusão do Conhecimento (UFBA - UNEB - IFBA -UEFS - LNCC - SENAI CIMATEC) com discentes e docentes da Educação básica na Bahia, este artigo, apresenta o recorte que objetiva identificar os desafios do uso de tecnologias digitais por docentes do Estado da Bahia frente à problemática da COVID-19. Para tanto, utilizou-se a estratégia da Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas e a aplicação de um questionário semiestruturado. Os resultados evidenciam o desafio do ensino na utilização de tecnologias digitais em processos educacionais remotos. Dessa forma, ficou evidente que o ensino remoto proporcionou abertura da educação para métodos alternativos de ensino e aspectos inovadores do fazer pedagógico

High Zika Virus Seroprevalence in Salvador, Northeastern Brazil Limits the Potential for Further Outbreaks.

During 2015 to 2016, Brazil reported more Zika virus (ZIKV) cases than any other country, yet population exposure remains unknown. Serological studies of ZIKV are hampered by cross-reactive immune responses against heterologous viruses. We conducted serosurveys for ZIKV, dengue virus (DENV), and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in 633 individuals prospectively sampled during 2015 to 2016, including microcephaly and non-microcephaly pregnancies, HIV-infected patients, tuberculosis patients, and university staff in Salvador in northeastern Brazil using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and plaque reduction neutralization tests. Sera sampled retrospectively during 2013 to 2015 from 277 HIV-infected patients were used to assess the spread of ZIKV over time. Individuals were georeferenced, and sociodemographic indicators were compared between ZIKV-positive and -negative areas and areas with and without microcephaly cases. Epidemiological key parameters were modeled in a Bayesian framework. ZIKV seroprevalence increased rapidly during 2015 to 2016, reaching 63.3% by 2016 (95% confidence interval [CI], 59.4 to 66.8%), comparable to the seroprevalence of DENV (75.7%; CI, 69.4 to 81.1%) and higher than that of CHIKV (7.4%; CI, 5.6 to 9.8%). Of 19 microcephaly pregnancies, 94.7% showed ZIKV IgG antibodies, compared to 69.3% of 257 non-microcephaly pregnancies (P = 0.017). Analyses of sociodemographic data revealed a higher ZIKV burden in low socioeconomic status (SES) areas. High seroprevalence, combined with case data dynamics allowed estimates of the basic reproduction number R0 of 2.1 (CI, 1.8 to 2.5) at the onset of the outbreak and an effective reproductive number Reff of <1 in subsequent years. Our data corroborate ZIKV-associated congenital disease and an association of low SES and ZIKV infection and suggest that population immunity caused cessation of the outbreak. Similar studies from other areas will be required to determine the fate of the American ZIKV outbreak.IMPORTANCE The ongoing American Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak involves millions of cases and has a major impact on maternal and child health. Knowledge of infection rates is crucial to project future epidemic patterns and determine the absolute risk of microcephaly upon maternal ZIKV infection during pregnancy. For unknown reasons, the vast majority of ZIKV-associated microcephaly cases are concentrated in northeastern Brazil. We analyzed different subpopulations from Salvador, a Brazilian metropolis representing one of the most affected areas during the American ZIKV outbreak. We demonstrate rapid spread of ZIKV in Salvador, Brazil, and infection rates exceeding 60%. We provide evidence for the link between ZIKV and microcephaly, report that ZIKV predominantly affects geographic areas with low socioeconomic status, and show that population immunity likely caused cessation of the outbreak. Our results enable stakeholders to identify target populations for vaccination and for trials on vaccine efficacy and allow refocusing of research efforts and intervention strategies

Clinical Outcomes of Thirteen Patients with Acute Chagas Disease Acquired through Oral Transmission from Two Urban Outbreaks in Northeastern Brazil

Chagas disease is caused by a parasitic protozoan transmitted to humans by the contaminated feces of blood-feeding assassin bugs from the Triatominae subfamily. It may also be transmitted from mother to baby during pregnancy, by breastfeeding, blood transfusion or organ transplant. In rare cases, the disease can also be caused by accidental ingestion of contaminated food (sugar cane or açaí juice, drinking water, etc.). Acute Chagas disease often presents itself as a mononucleosis-like syndrome, with symptoms including fever, lymph node enlargement and muscle pain. The mortality rate of acute Chagas disease is high, mainly due to heart failure as a consequence of cardiac fiber lesions. There are few studies describing clinical outcomes and the disease progression of patients who receive therapeutic treatment, especially with regard to cardiac exam findings. In this report, the authors describe clinical findings from two micro-outbreaks occurring in impoverished towns in northeastern Brazil. Prior to receiving treatment, patient mortality rate was 28.6% in one of the outbreaks, and one pregnant woman experienced a spontaneous abortion due to the disease in the other outbreak. Most patients complained of fever, dyspnea, myalgia and periorbital edema. After receiving a two-month course of treatment, clinical symptoms improved and the number of abnormalities in cardiac exams decreased

Seroprevalence of Chikungunya virus and living conditions in Feira de Santana, Bahia-Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Chikungunya is an arbovirus, transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, which emerged in the Americas in 2013 and spread rapidly to almost every country on this continent. In Brazil, where the first cases were detected in 2014, it currently has reached all regions of this country and more than 900,000 cases were reported. The clinical spectrum of chikungunya ranges from an acute self-limiting form to disabling chronic forms. The purpose of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of chikungunya infection in a large Brazilian city and investigate the association between viral circulation and living condition. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We conducted a population-based ecological study in selected Sentinel Areas (SA) through household interviews and a serologic survey in 2016/2017. The sample was of 1,981 individuals randomly selected. The CHIKV seroprevalence was 22.1% (17.1 IgG, 2.3 IgM, and 1.4 IgG and IgM) and varied between SA from 2.0% to 70.5%. The seroprevalence was significantly lower in SA with high living conditions compared to SA with low living condition. There was a positive association between CHIKV seroprevalence and population density (r = 0.2389; p = 0.02033). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The seroprevalence in this city was 2.6 times lower than the 57% observed in a study conducted in the epicentre of the CHIKV epidemic of this same urban centre. So, the herd immunity in this general population, after four years of circulation of this agent is relatively low. It indicates that CHIKV transmission may persist in that city, either in endemic form or in the form of a new epidemic, because the vector infestation is persistent. Besides, the significantly lower seroprevalences in SA of higher Living Condition suggest that beyond the surveillance of the disease, vector control and specific actions of basic sanitation, the reduction of the incidence of this infection also depends on the improvement of the general living conditions of the population

Genome of Rhodnius prolixus, an insect vector of Chagas disease, reveals unique adaptations to hematophagy and parasite infection

Rhodnius prolixus not only has served as a model organism for the study of insect physiology, but also is a major vector of Chagas disease, an illness that affects approximately seven million people worldwide. We sequenced the genome of R. prolixus, generated assembled sequences covering 95% of the genome ( approximately 702 Mb), including 15,456 putative protein-coding genes, and completed comprehensive genomic analyses of this obligate blood-feeding insect. Although immune-deficiency (IMD)-mediated immune responses were observed, R. prolixus putatively lacks key components of the IMD pathway, suggesting a reorganization of the canonical immune signaling network. Although both Toll and IMD effectors controlled intestinal microbiota, neither affected Trypanosoma cruzi, the causal agent of Chagas disease, implying the existence of evasion or tolerance mechanisms. R. prolixus has experienced an extensive loss of selenoprotein genes, with its repertoire reduced to only two proteins, one of which is a selenocysteine-based glutathione peroxidase, the first found in insects. The genome contained actively transcribed, horizontally transferred genes from Wolbachia sp., which showed evidence of codon use evolution toward the insect use pattern. Comparative protein analyses revealed many lineage-specific expansions and putative gene absences in R. prolixus, including tandem expansions of genes related to chemoreception, feeding, and digestion that possibly contributed to the evolution of a blood-feeding lifestyle. The genome assembly and these associated analyses provide critical information on the physiology and evolution of this important vector species and should be instrumental for the development of innovative disease control methods

Em busca da identidade dos instrumentos musicais no Brasil: um estudo exploratório da literatura de cordel

Based on a collection of 2340 poems, the present article aims to explore the identity of musical instruments considered most popular by the printed Literatura de Cordel (Cordel Literature) in the countryside of Northeastern and Northern regions of Brazil, from the end of the 19th Century to present days. The Cordel Literature is known for representing the views of the social group from which it is originated rather than the creative work of its poets/writers. In search of musical instruments mentioned in the text, some of them were selected due to frequency and relevance of the context found: e.g. the Brazilian viola (a five course guitar), the violão (the six string guitar), the violin, the mandolin, the rabeca (Brazilian fiddle), the electric guitar and the piano. The violão and the Brazilian viola, which are similar in shape, are seen by that population in quite different ways. The fiddle is a popular instrument, but had only a few mentions. Other instruments like the violin, the mandolin, the piano and the electric guitar are described as urban instruments, thus less known in that context.O presente trabalho procura, em consulta a uma coleção de 2340 obras da Literatura de Cordel, explorar identidades culturais presentes nos instrumentos musicais aparentemente mais populares junto à população cultora de tal forma literária - sertão nordestino e parte da Região Norte do Brasil - desde o final do século XIX até o presente. Há no trabalho o pressuposto de que a Literatura de Cordel representa, muito mais que o trabalho criativo dos seus autores, as práticas vigentes no grupo social que a origina. Assim, à procura de menções a instrumentos musicais, este estudo detém-se em alguns deles, pela frequência e relevância da sua caracterização: viola caipira, violão, violino, bandolim, rabeca, guitarra elétrica e piano. Instrumentos aparentemente próximos como a viola e o violão são vistos de formas muito distintas pela população considerada. A rabeca, instrumento popular, poucas vezes é citada. Outros instrumentos, como violino, bandolim, piano e guitarra elétrica, são retratados como instrumentos urbanos e menos conhecidos