Eficiência de síntese microbiana, pH e concentrações ruminais de amônia em novilhos F1 Limousin x Nelore alimentados com dietas contendo cinco níveis de concentrado

Conduziu-se um ensaio com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de níveis de concentrado nas rações sobre a eficiência de síntese microbiana, o balanço de compostos nitrogenados, a concentração de amônia e o pH do fluido ruminal e a taxa de passagem da digesta ruminal. Foram utilizados cinco novilhos F1 Limousin x Nelore fistulados no rúmen, abomaso e íleo, alimentados à vontade com dietas que continham 25,0; 37,5; 50,0; 62,5; e 75,0% de concentrados e distribuídos em delineamento quadrado latino 5 x 5. As concentrações de amônia e o pH ruminal foram determinados em amostras de fluido ruminal coletadas imediatamente antes do fornecimento das rações e às 2, 4, 6, e 8 horas após. A taxa de passagem foi determinada pelo modelo unicompartimental utilizando-se o óxido crômico como indicador. A eficiência de síntese microbiana, expressa de diferentes formas, não foi influenciada pelo uso de concentrado, obtendo-se valores médios de 35,17 g Nmic/kg MODR, 33,01 g Nmic/kg CHODR e 355,66 g MSmic/kg CHODR. As concentrações máximas de amônia, para todos os tratamentos, ocorreram 2,92 horas após o fornecimento da ração. O pH do fluido ruminal decresceu linearmente com os níveis de concentrado e os tempos de coleta. As taxas de passagem de 0,065; 0,081; 0,064; 0,049; e 0,046.h-1 foram verificadas para os tratamentos com 25,0; 37,5; 50,0; 62,5; e 75,0% de concentrado, respectivamente. A adição de concentrado nas rações reduziu o pH e não alterou a eficiência microbiana.A trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of five concentrate levels in the diet on the efficiency of microbial synthesis, balance of nitrogen compounds, ammonia concentrate and pH ruminal fluid. Five rumen, abomasum and ileum fistulated F1 Limousin x Nellore bulls were full fed diets containing 25.0, 37.5, 50.0, 62.5, and 75.0% of concentrate and allotted to a 5 x 5 latin square design. The ammonia concentrations and ruminal pH were determined in ruminal fluid samples collected right after the diets supply and 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after. The unicompartimental model using chromic oxide as marker determined the passage rate. The efficiency of microbial synthesis, expressed by different forms, was not influenced by the use of concentrate, obtaining average values of 35.17 g Nmic/kg MODR, 33.01 g Nmic/kg CHODR, and 355.66 g MSmic/kg CHODR. The maximum ammonia concentrations, for all treatments, were 2.92 hours after the diet supply. The ruminal pH fluid linearly decreased with the concentrate levels and the collection times. The passage rates of .065, .081, .064, .049, and .046.h-1 were verified for the treatments with 25.0, 37.5, 50.0, 62.5, and 75.0% of concentrate, respectively. The addition of concentrate in the diets reduced the pH and did not alter the microbial efficiency

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

Vagens de bordão-de-velho, Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merrill, em suplementos para ovinos em pastejo, sob ofertas de forragem

Foi desenvolvido ensaio com o objetivo de estudar a estrutura de pasto de capim-tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) diferido e submetido ao pastejo por ovinos durante a estação seca do ano, bem como avaliar o desempenho destes animais recebendo suplementos concentrados com níveis de inclusão de vagens de bordão-de-velho (Samanea saman Jaq), e duas ofertas da forragem. Após o diferimento, foram avaliados durante 84 dias, dois níveis de oferta de forragem verde (8% e 12 % do peso corporal), três tipos de suplemento (níveis de inclusão de vagens que forneceram 25%, 50% e 75% da proteína verdadeira), em dois anos consecutivos, e os resultados analisados em medidas repetidas no tempo (tempos de pastejo de 28 dias) tendo nas parcelas um delineamento inteiramente casualisado em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 x 2 (2 ofertas x 3 suplementos x 2 anos). O pasto foi manejado sob lotação contínua e taxa de lotação variável e os suplementos fornecidos a 1% do peso corporal por dia. Durante o diferimento o capim apresentou elevado acúmulo massa de forragem, e independente do nível de oferta, a massa de forragem total diminuiu com o avançar do período de pastejo, bem como de todos os seus componentes morfológicos, em especial a massa de lâminas foliares cujos quantitativos foram muito baixos durante todo o período de avaliação. A dieta volumosa selecionada apresentou teor médio de FDN de 79,44%, redução na PB, DIVMS e NDT, e aumento na FDA e lignina, com o avançar do período de pastejo. O desempenho dos animais apresentou declínio com o avançar do período de pastejo e com a inclusão de vagens no suplemento, que proporcionou aumento na fração de PIDA, FDA e lignina ao mesmo tempo em que reduziu a DIVMO e o valor de NDT do suplemento. As ofertas de forragem estabelecidas, de duas e três vezes o consumo potencial de matéria verde seca dos ovinos, determinou subpastejoAssay was developed to study the structure of stockpiled Tifton 85 pasture maintained in two forage allowance level grazed by sheep during the dry season, as well as evaluate the performance of animals supplemented with different levels of bordão-de-velho(Samanea saman Jacq.). After stockpile the pasture, were evaluated during 84 days considering two levels of green forage allowance (8% and 12% of body weight), three types of supplements (levels of pods inclusion: 25%, 50% and 75% of the diet true protein fraction), in two consecutive years. The date were analyzed by time repeated measures (grazing time of 28 days) considering in the plots a completely randomized design in a factorial 2 x 3 x 2 (2 forage allowance x 3 supplements x 2 years). The pasture was managed under continuous stocking and variable stocking rate, and supplements supplied 1% of body weight per day. During the pasture stockpiled period occurred high level of forage mass accumulation, and independent of the level of forage allowance, the total herbage mass decreased along the grazing period, as well as the morphological components of pasture, in particular the leaf mass, whose quantitative results were very low throughout the trial period. Selected forage diet showed an average content of NDF of 79.44%, a reduction in CP, IVDMD and TDN, and an increase in ADF and lignin contents in response to the advance in the grazing period. Animal performance showed declines along the grazing period, and the inclusion of beans in the supplement, which increased the ADF, lignin and ADIN fractions at the same time reduced the value of IVOMD and TDN of the supplement. The established forage allowances, corresponding the two to three times of the potential intake of green DM resulted in a under grazing conditionCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Consumo e digestões totais e parciais em novilhos F1 Limousin x Nelore alimentados com dietas contendo cinco níveis de concentrado

RESUMO - Um ensaio foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de cinco níveis de concentrado nas rações sobre o consumo e as digestibilidades aparentes totais e parciais de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), carboidratos totais (CHO), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e carboidratos não-estruturais (CNE). Cinco novilhos F1 Limousin x Nelore fistulados no rúmen, abomaso e íleo foram alimentados à vontade com dietas que continham 25,0; 37,5; 50,0; 62,5; e 75,0% de concentrado e distribuídos em delineamento quadrado latino 5 x 5. O óxido crômico foi usado como indicador externo, para as determinações das digestibilidades aparentes totais e parciais. A adição de quantidades crescentes de concentrado à dieta produziu aumentos lineares nos consumos de MS, MO, CNE, PB, EE e NDT e redução no consumo de FDN. As digestibilidades aparentes totais de MS, MO, PB, EE, CHO e CNE elevaram-se linearmente com o aumento dos níveis de concentrado da dieta. A digestibilidade aparente da PB no intestino delgado aumentou linearmente com a adição de concentrados nas rações. As digestibilidades aparentes da FDN no rúmen e pós-rúmen não foram influenciadas pelos níveis de concentrado. Redução nos níveis de FDN das rações resultou em aumentos lineares do NDT e da digestibilidade aparente total da MS

Consumo e digestões totais e parciais em novilhos F1 Limousin x Nelore alimentados com dietas contendo cinco níveis de concentrado

RESUMO - Um ensaio foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de cinco níveis de concentrado nas rações sobre o consumo e as digestibilidades aparentes totais e parciais de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), carboidratos totais (CHO), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e carboidratos não-estruturais (CNE). Cinco novilhos F1 Limousin x Nelore fistulados no rúmen, abomaso e íleo foram alimentados à vontade com dietas que continham 25,0; 37,5; 50,0; 62,5; e 75,0% de concentrado e distribuídos em delineamento quadrado latino 5 x 5. O óxido crômico foi usado como indicador externo, para as determinações das digestibilidades aparentes totais e parciais. A adição de quantidades crescentes de concentrado à dieta produziu aumentos lineares nos consumos de MS, MO, CNE, PB, EE e NDT e redução no consumo de FDN. As digestibilidades aparentes totais de MS, MO, PB, EE, CHO e CNE elevaram-se linearmente com o aumento dos níveis de concentrado da dieta. A digestibilidade aparente da PB no intestino delgado aumentou linearmente com a adição de concentrados nas rações. As digestibilidades aparentes da FDN no rúmen e pós-rúmen não foram influenciadas pelos níveis de concentrado. Redução nos níveis de FDN das rações resultou em aumentos lineares do NDT e da digestibilidade aparente total da MS

ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS: a data set of bird morphological traits from the Atlantic forests of South America

Scientists have long been trying to understand why the Neotropical region holds the highest diversity of birds on Earth. Recently, there has been increased interest in morphological variation between and within species, and in how climate, topography, and anthropogenic pressures may explain and affect phenotypic variation. Because morphological data are not always available for many species at the local or regional scale, we are limited in our understanding of intra- and interspecies spatial morphological variation. Here, we present the ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS, a data set that includes measurements of up to 44 morphological traits in 67,197 bird records from 2,790 populations distributed throughout the Atlantic forests of South America. This data set comprises information, compiled over two centuries (1820–2018), for 711 bird species, which represent 80% of all known bird diversity in the Atlantic Forest. Among the most commonly reported traits are sex (n = 65,717), age (n = 63,852), body mass (n = 58,768), flight molt presence (n = 44,941), molt presence (n = 44,847), body molt presence (n = 44,606), tail length (n = 43,005), reproductive stage (n = 42,588), bill length (n = 37,409), body length (n = 28,394), right wing length (n = 21,950), tarsus length (n = 20,342), and wing length (n = 18,071). The most frequently recorded species are Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 1,837), Turdus albicollis (n = 1,658), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 1,468), Turdus leucomelas (n = 1,436), and Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 1,384). The species recorded in the greatest number of sampling localities are Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 243), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 242), Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 210), Platyrinchus mystaceus (n = 208), and Turdus rufiventris (n = 191). ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS (ABT) is the most comprehensive data set on measurements of bird morphological traits found in a biodiversity hotspot; it provides data for basic and applied research at multiple scales, from individual to community, and from the local to the macroecological perspectives. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications or teaching and educational activities. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS

Scientists have long been trying to understand why the Neotropical region holds the highest diversity of birds on Earth. Recently, there has been increased interest in morphological variation between and within species, and in how climate, topography, and anthropogenic pressures may explain and affect phenotypic variation. Because morphological data are not always available for many species at the local or regional scale, we are limited in our understanding of intra- and interspecies spatial morphological variation. Here, we present the ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS, a data set that includes measurements of up to 44 morphological traits in 67,197 bird records from 2,790 populations distributed throughout the Atlantic forests of South America. This data set comprises information, compiled over two centuries (1820–2018), for 711 bird species, which represent 80% of all known bird diversity in the Atlantic Forest. Among the most commonly reported traits are sex (n = 65,717), age (n = 63,852), body mass (n = 58,768), flight molt presence (n = 44,941), molt presence (n = 44,847), body molt presence (n = 44,606), tail length (n = 43,005), reproductive stage (n = 42,588), bill length (n = 37,409), body length (n = 28,394), right wing length (n = 21,950), tarsus length (n = 20,342), and wing length (n = 18,071). The most frequently recorded species are Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 1,837), Turdus albicollis (n = 1,658), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 1,468), Turdus leucomelas (n = 1,436), and Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 1,384). The species recorded in the greatest number of sampling localities are Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 243), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 242), Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 210), Platyrinchus mystaceus (n = 208), and Turdus rufiventris (n = 191). ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS (ABT) is the most comprehensive data set on measurements of bird morphological traits found in a biodiversity hotspot; it provides data for basic and applied research at multiple scales, from individual to community, and from the local to the macroecological perspectives. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications or teaching and educational activities. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ