Land Cover Image Classification

Land Cover (LC) image classification has become increasingly significant in understanding environmental changes, urban planning, and disaster management. However, traditional LC methods are often labor-intensive and prone to human error. This paper explores state-of-the-art deep learning models for enhanced accuracy and efficiency in LC analysis. We compare convolutional neural networks (CNN) against transformer-based methods, showcasing their applications and advantages in LC studies. We used EuroSAT, a patch-based LC classification data set based on Sentinel-2 satellite images and achieved state-of-the-art results using current transformer models.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, published in conferenc

Loss Functions and Metrics in Deep Learning

One of the essential components of deep learning is the choice of the loss function and performance metrics used to train and evaluate models. This paper reviews the most prevalent loss functions and performance measurements in deep learning. We examine the benefits and limits of each technique and illustrate their application to various deep-learning problems. Our review aims to give a comprehensive picture of the different loss functions and performance indicators used in the most common deep learning tasks and help practitioners choose the best method for their specific task.Comment: 53 pages, 5 figures, 7 tables, 86 equation

An afferent explanation for sexual dimorphism in the aortic baroreflex of rat

Sex differences in baroreflex (BRx) function are well documented. Hormones likely contribute to this dimorphism, but many functional aspects remain unresolved. Our lab has been investigating a subset of vagal sensory neurons that constitute nearly 50% of the total population of myelinated aortic baroreceptors (BR) in female rats but less than 2% in male rats. Termed “Ah,” this unique phenotype has many of the nonoverlapping electrophysiological properties and chemical sensitivities of both myelinated A-type and unmyelinated C-type BR afferents. In this study, we utilize three distinct experimental protocols to determine if Ah-type barosensory afferents underlie, at least in part, the sex-related differences in BRx function. Electron microscopy of the aortic depressor nerve (ADN) revealed that female rats have less myelin (P < 0.03) and a smaller fiber cross-sectional area (P < 0.05) per BR fiber than male rats. Electrical stimulation of the ADN evoked compound action potentials and nerve conduction profiles that were markedly different (P < 0.01, n = 7 females and n = 9 males). Selective activation of ADN myelinated fibers evoked a BRx-mediated depressor response that was 3–7 times greater in female (n = 16) than in male (n = 17) rats. Interestingly, the most striking hemodynamic difference was functionally dependent upon the rate of myelinated barosensory fiber activation. Only 5–10 Hz of stimulation evoked a rapid, 20- to 30-mmHg reduction in arterial pressure of female rats, whereas rates of 50 Hz or higher were required to elicit a comparable depressor response from male rats. Collectively, our experimental results are suggestive of an alternative myelinated baroreceptor afferent pathway in females that may account for, at least in part, the noted sex-related differences in autonomic control of cardiovascular function

Sneddon syndrome a case report and literature review

Sneddon’s syndrome (SS) is characterized by livedo racemosa (LR) or reticularis and recurrent ischemic strokes. At the skin and brain level a non-inflammatory thrombotic vasculopathy is observed. Almost 80% of cases are women around 40 years old. The most accepted etiological proposal is an autoimmune and inflammatory mechanism versus the presence of thrombophilia. Neurological manifestations occur in 3 phases: prodromal symptoms (headache, dizziness, and vertigo), recurrent strokes, and early-onset dementia. Livedo racemosa has been reported to precede strokes by more than 10 years. Treatment is mainly based on secondary prophylaxis preventing a stroke with antiplatelet and antithrombotic agents. The neuropsychiatric prognosis is relatively poor with deficits in concentration, attention, visual perception, and visuospatial skills

Cribado de Citomegalovirus en mujeres embarazadas

Introduction: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae, constitutes one of the main causes of congenital infections in the world, the overall prevalence of births in developed countries is 0.64% and the incidence of 1% -7%. The rate of acquisition of CMV in pregnant women is 2% per year, in the medium-high socioeconomic level and 6% at lower levels. The susceptibility is greater in African-American and Hispanic women. The risk ofmaternal-fetal transmission increases with advancing gestational age, also (30-40%) depends on maternal primary infection both seroconversion and in the revival (1-2%), highlighting that the pre-existing maternal immunity not prevent intrauterine transmission or the development of the disease. Objective: To evaluate the frequency of Cytomegalovirus infection in pregnant women. Material and methods: a study of non-experimental, observational -cross in the pro-life basic Hospital, of the city of Latacunga,Ecuador. Analyzed 981 results of screening for IgG and IgM for CMV, pregnant womages between 14 and 45 years who were enrolled in the first trimester of pregnancy, the period between January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2016. Descriptive statistical methods were used. Results: IgG positive was 95.7% and no positive result for IgM. Conclusions: We cannot support universal screening for CMV, by the low prevalence of infection.Introducción: El citomegalovirus(CMV)es un ADN virus, de la familia Herpesviridae, constituye una de las principales causas de infecciones congénitas en el mundo, la prevalencia general de nacimientos en países desarrollados es de 0,64% y la incidencia del 1% -7%. La tasa de adquisición de CMV en mujeres embarazadas es de 2% anual,en el nivel socioeconómico medio-alto y 6% en niveles más bajos. La susceptibilidad es mayor en mujeres afroamericanas e hispanas. El riesgo de transmisión materno-fetalseincrementa con el avance de la edad gestacional, además depende de la seroconversión materna tanto en la primoinfección (30-40%) como en la reactivación (1-2%), poniendo en evidencia que la inmunidad materna preexistente no previene la transmisión intrauterina o el desarrollo de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Evaluar la frecuencia deinfección por Citomegalovirus en mujeres embarazadas. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio no experimental, observacional –transversal en el Hospital Básico PROVIDA, de la cuidad de Latacunga, Ecuador. Se analizaron 981 resultados de screening de IgG e IgM para CMV, de mujeres gestantes en edades entre 14 y 45 años que cursaban el primer trimestre de embarazo, del periodo comprendido entre el 1 de enero de 2013 al 31 de diciembre de 2016.Se utilizaron métodos estadísticos descriptivos. Resultados: La IgG fue positiva el 95,7% y ningún resultado positivo para IgM. Conclusiones: No podemos apoyar el cribado universal de CMV, por la baja prevalencia de primoinfeccion

Cribado de Citomegalovirus en mujeres embarazadas

Introduction: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a DNA virus of the family Herpesviridae, constitutes one of the main causes of congenital infections in the world, the overall prevalence of births in developed countries is 0.64% and the incidence of 1% -7%. The rate of acquisition of CMV in pregnant women is 2% per year, in the medium-high socioeconomic level and 6% at lower levels. The susceptibility is greater in African-American and Hispanic women. The risk ofmaternal-fetal transmission increases with advancing gestational age, also (30-40%) depends on maternal primary infection both seroconversion and in the revival (1-2%), highlighting that the pre-existing maternal immunity not prevent intrauterine transmission or the development of the disease. Objective: To evaluate the frequency of Cytomegalovirus infection in pregnant women. Material and methods: a study of non-experimental, observational -cross in the pro-life basic Hospital, of the city of Latacunga,Ecuador. Analyzed 981 results of screening for IgG and IgM for CMV, pregnant womages between 14 and 45 years who were enrolled in the first trimester of pregnancy, the period between January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2016. Descriptive statistical methods were used. Results: IgG positive was 95.7% and no positive result for IgM. Conclusions: We cannot support universal screening for CMV, by the low prevalence of infection.Introducción: El citomegalovirus(CMV)es un ADN virus, de la familia Herpesviridae, constituye una de las principales causas de infecciones congénitas en el mundo, la prevalencia general de nacimientos en países desarrollados es de 0,64% y la incidencia del 1% -7%. La tasa de adquisición de CMV en mujeres embarazadas es de 2% anual,en el nivel socioeconómico medio-alto y 6% en niveles más bajos. La susceptibilidad es mayor en mujeres afroamericanas e hispanas. El riesgo de transmisión materno-fetalseincrementa con el avance de la edad gestacional, además depende de la seroconversión materna tanto en la primoinfección (30-40%) como en la reactivación (1-2%), poniendo en evidencia que la inmunidad materna preexistente no previene la transmisión intrauterina o el desarrollo de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Evaluar la frecuencia deinfección por Citomegalovirus en mujeres embarazadas. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio no experimental, observacional –transversal en el Hospital Básico PROVIDA, de la cuidad de Latacunga, Ecuador. Se analizaron 981 resultados de screening de IgG e IgM para CMV, de mujeres gestantes en edades entre 14 y 45 años que cursaban el primer trimestre de embarazo, del periodo comprendido entre el 1 de enero de 2013 al 31 de diciembre de 2016.Se utilizaron métodos estadísticos descriptivos. Resultados: La IgG fue positiva el 95,7% y ningún resultado positivo para IgM. Conclusiones: No podemos apoyar el cribado universal de CMV, por la baja prevalencia de primoinfeccion

Ensuring the Involvement of Children in the Evaluation of New Tuberculosis Treatment Regimens

William Burman and colleagues review the barriers to involving children in studies of new tuberculosis treatments and recommend strategies for overcoming these barriers

Revisiting the HD 21749 planetary system with stellar activity modelling

HD 21749 is a bright (V = 8.1 mag) K dwarf at 16 pc known to host an inner terrestrial planet HD 21749c as well as an outer sub-Neptune HD 21749b, both delivered by Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). Follow-up spectroscopic observations measured the mass of HD 21749b to be 22.7 ± 2.2 M with a density of 7.0^{+1.6}_{-1.3} g cm-3, making it one of the densest sub-Neptunes. However, the mass measurement was suspected to be influenced by stellar rotation. Here, we present new high-cadence PFS RV data to disentangle the stellar activity signal from the planetary signal. We find that HD 21749 has a similar rotational time-scale as the planet's orbital period, and the amplitude of the planetary orbital RV signal is estimated to be similar to that of the stellar activity signal. We perform Gaussian process regression on the photometry and RVs from HARPS and PFS to model the stellar activity signal. Our new models reveal that HD 21749b has a radius of 2.86 ± 0.20 R, an orbital period of 35.6133 ± 0.0005 d with a mass of Mb = 20.0 ± 2.7 M and a density of 4.8^{+2.0}_{-1.4} g cm-3 on an eccentric orbit with e = 0.16 ± 0.06, which is consistent with the most recent values published for this system. HD 21749c has an orbital period of 7.7902 ± 0.0006 d, a radius of 1.13 ± 0.10 R, and a 3σ mass upper limit of 3.5 M. Our Monte Carlo simulations confirm that without properly taking stellar activity signals into account, the mass measurement of HD 21749b is likely to arrive at a significantly underestimated error bar