The constitutional revisions in Italy from 1948 to the present day

This report has the aim of offering a picture of principal constitutional revisions carried out in Italy under republican Constitution, and of the most important among those that have been tried but not finalized, using as a reading key the principal interpretative problems posed by art. 138 Cost. The first question is about the systematic setting of the act named “constitutional revision law” in respect of the category of the “other constitutional laws”, also textually mentioned in the said constitutional provision. It is controversial if this difference has prescriptive or merely descriptive value. According to the first theory, supported by a prestigious but minor doctrine, only the constitutional revision laws could permanently amend the text of the Chart, while other constitutional laws would not be allowed to introduce implied changes. Under this respect, the objective pursued here is putting into light which one of this two perspective has been followed in practice. Then, on the field of contents, the praxis analysis will be led taking into consideration the vexata quaestio whether organic constitutional reforms are allowed or not, assuming that constitutional changes must be limited to punctual amendments. Once that the distinction between the two hypotheses has been clarified, which is really not easy because of some uncertain points, we will try to put into one or the other the main constitutional revisions carried out or attempted in republican history. In the debate on this theme, a particular relevance is attributed to the possibility of applying to constitutional referendum the limit about the necessary homogeneity of the question posed to electoral body in order to preserve the freedom of vote protected by art. 48 Cost., as indicated by the Constitutional court for abrogative referendum; which for someone would imply the prohibition of organic constitutional reforms or the need to create separate homogeneous questions for the referendum on different parts of the constitutional revision law approved by the Parliament. As for the making process of constitutional revision laws, the attention will focus mainly on the possibility of introducing procedures that derogate the one described in art. 138 Cost. basing on ad hoc constitutional laws regularly approved following the cited article. On that point, it will be shown, in the framework of not univocal outputs of doctrinal reflection, if and to what extent in the republican history there have been revisions or revision’s attempts based on derogative procedural disciplines.La presente relazione si pone l’obiettivo di offrire un quadro ricostruttivo delle principali revisioni costituzionali operate in Italia sotto la vigenza della Costituzione repubblicana, nonché delle più significative tra quelle tentate e non andate in porto, utilizzando come chiave di lettura i principali dilemmi interpretativi posti dall’art. 138 Cost. Una prima questione che si prenderà a riferimento attiene alla collocazione sistematica della fonte „legge di revisione costituzionale” in relazione all’ulteriore categoria delle „altre leggi costituzionali”, a propria volta testualmente prevista dalla disposizione costituzionale sopra citata. Risulta, infatti, controverso se la suddetta differenziazione assuma una valenza prescrittiva o meramente descrittiva. Secondo la prima tesi, sostenuta da una autorevole ma minoritaria dottrina, solo le leggi di revisione costituzionale potrebbero apportare stabili modificazioni al testo della Carta; mentre alle „altre leggi costituzionali” sarebbe preclusa la possibilità di introdurre modifiche tacite. Sotto tale aspetto l’obiettivo che qui si persegue è di mettere in risalto quale delle due prospettive si inveri nella prassi e, in particolare, se le leggi costituzionali e le leggi di revisione costituzionale siano o meno trattate alla stregua di un tipo unitario. Di seguito, sul piano dei contenuti, l’analisi della prassi sarà condotta con riguardo alla vexata quaestio se siano ammissibili riforme costituzionali di carattere organico o se le medesime debbano limitarsi ad ambiti circoscritti e puntuali. Una volta esperito il tentativo di mettere a fuoco i termini della distinzione tra le due ipotesi, che risulta non priva di elementi di incertezza e di problematicità, resta poi da effettuare l’inquadramento nell’una o nell’altra delle più significative riforme realizzate o tentate nel corso dell’esperienza costituzionale repubblicana. Nel relativo dibattito, peraltro, assume particolare rilievo la possibilità di applicare al referendum costituzionale il limite della necessaria omogeneità del quesito da sottoporre agli elettori a presidio della libertà di voto ex art. 48 Cost. elaborato dalla Corte costituzionale per il referendum abrogativo; ciò che si tradurrebbe, secondo alcune prospettazioni, o nel divieto di revisioni costituzionali organiche per l’inammissibilità dei quesiti referendari disomogenei che ne risulterebbero, ovvero nella necessità, in questi casi, di sottoporre al corpo elettorale una pluralità di quesiti per oggetti omogenei su singole parti della legge di revisione costituzionale approvata dal Parlamento. Per quanto attiene alla formazione delle leggi di revisione costituzionale, l’attenzione si concentrerà essenzialmente sull’ammissibilità di procedimenti derogatori rispetto a quello delineato dall’art. 138 Cost. stabiliti da leggi costituzionali ad hoc approvate secondo detta disciplina. Sul tema, ci si propone di porre in luce, nel quadro della riflessione giuridica che sul punto si è sviluppata in termini non univoci, se e in che misura si siano registrati nell’esperienza repubblicana revisioni o tentativi di revisione fondati su discipline procedimentali derogatorie.This report has the aim of offering a picture of principal constitutional revisions carried out in Italy under republican Constitution, and of the most important among those that have been tried but not finalized, using as a reading key the principal interpretative problems posed by art. 138 Cost. The first question is about the systematic setting of the act named “constitutional revision law” in respect of the category of the “other constitutional laws”, also textually mentioned in the said constitutional provision. It is controversial if this difference has prescriptive or merely descriptive value. According to the first theory, supported by a prestigious but minor doctrine, only the constitutional revision laws could permanently amend the text of the Chart, while other constitutional laws would not be allowed to introduce implied changes. Under this respect, the objective pursued here is putting into light which one of this two perspective has been followed in practice. Then, on the field of contents, the praxis analysis will be led taking into consideration the vexata quaestio whether organic constitutional reforms are allowed or not, assuming that constitutional changes must be limited to punctual amendments. Once that the distinction between the two hypotheses has been clarified, which is really not easy because of some uncertain points, we will try to put into one or the other the main constitutional revisions carried out or attempted in republican history. In the debate on this theme, a particular relevance is attributed to the possibility of applying to constitutional referendum the limit about the necessary homogeneity of the question posed to electoral body in order to preserve the freedom of vote protected by art. 48 Cost., as indicated by the Constitutional court for abrogative referendum; which for someone would imply the prohibition of organic constitutional reforms or the need to create separate homogeneous questions for the referendum on different parts of the constitutional revision law approved by the Parliament. As for the making process of constitutional revision laws, the attention will focus mainly on the possibility of introducing procedures that derogate the one described in art. 138 Cost. basing on ad hoc constitutional laws regularly approved following the cited article. On that point, it will be shown, in the framework of not univocal outputs of doctrinal reflection, if and to what extent in the republican history there have been revisions or revision’s attempts based on derogative procedural disciplines

Finansowanie partii politycznych we Włoszech

The essay analyzes the evolution of Italian legislation concerning political party funding in the light of three elements: the political parties nature according to the provisions of the Italian Constitution; the political parties role in the operation of Italian Institutions; political and juridical effects of the referendum about political party public funding in 1993.Quello del finanziamento dei partiti è un tema che presenta nell’ordinamento italiano profili di particolare complessità, testimoniati non solo dall’ampiezza del dibattito politico e dottrinale in tema, ma anche e soprattutto dalla repentina evoluzione legislativa che si è registrata specialmente a partire dai primi anni novanta dello scorso secolo. Al fine di ricostruire in modo ordinato tale evoluzione, si rende dunque opportuno esporre alcune preliminari chiavi di lettura che consentono, come si vedrà, di dar conto delle mutevoli scelte compiute nel corso del tempo dal legislatore.W artykule przedstawiona została ewolucja włoskiego ustawodawstwa dotyczącego finansowania partii politycznych w świetle trzech następujących aspektów: 1) charakter partii politycznych określony postanowieniami Konstytucji Włoskiej; 2) rola partii politycznych w funkcjonowaniu instytucji włoskich; 3) polityczne i prawne skutki referendum z 1993 r. w sprawie publicznego finansowania partii.

Post vaccinal temporary sensorineural hearing loss

In our systematic research we identified four studies concerning the onset of neurological adverse events following vaccination and two excluding this association. A 33-year-old Italian man, belonging to the Italian Army was hospitalized because he suffered from vertigo, nausea and sudden right hearing loss not classified (NDD), that set in 24 h after the administration of tetanus-diphtheria and meningococcal vaccines. Some neurological events arising after vaccination are very difficult to treat. In our case, the functional recovery on low and medium frequencies was possible about 6 months after the morbid event

Neuropsychological Alterations in Children Affected by Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

Sleep-related breathing disorders are a group of clinical conditions ranging from habitual snoring to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) during the lifespan. In children, other risk factors are represented by adenotonsillar hypertrophy, rhinitis, nasal structure alteration, cleft palate, velopharyngeal flap surgery, pharyngeal masses, craniofacial malformations, genetic syndrome (i.e. Down syndrome, Crouzon syndrome, and Apert syndrome), genetic hypoplasia mandibular (i.e. Pierre Robin syndrome, Treacher Collins syndrome, Shy-Drager syndrome, and Cornelia De Lange syndrome), craniofacial traumas, chronic or seasonal rhinitis, asthma, neuromuscular syndromes, brainstem pathologies (i.e. Arnold-Chiari malformation and Joubert syndrome), achondroplasia, and mucopolysaccharidosis. OSAS may affect the executive functioning such as motivational ability, planning, behavior modulation, ability to complete an action program, identification of functional strategies to achieve the goal, problem solving, flexibility, monitoring and self-assessment of behavior in relation to results, change of task, or behavior in the light of emerging information, which may be all impaired by nocturnal intermittent hypoxia also during the developmental age. The clinical presentation of OSAS can mimic other neurobehavioral symptoms, such as ADHD syndrome, learning problems, or can exacerbate the Fragile X syndrome, and generalized non-convulsive epilepsy symptoms

Neuropsychological Alterations in Children Affected by Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

Sleep-related breathing disorders are a group of clinical conditions ranging from habitual snoring to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) during the lifespan. In children, other risk factors are represented by adenotonsillar hypertrophy, rhinitis, nasal structure alteration, cleft palate, velopharyngeal flap surgery, pharyngeal masses, craniofacial malformations, genetic syndrome (i.e. Down syndrome, Crouzon syndrome, and Apert syndrome), genetic hypoplasia mandibular (i.e. Pierre Robin syndrome, Treacher Collins syndrome, Shy-Drager syndrome, and Cornelia De Lange syndrome), craniofacial traumas, chronic or seasonal rhinitis, asthma, neuromuscular syndromes, brainstem pathologies (i.e. Arnold-Chiari malformation and Joubert syndrome), achondroplasia, and mucopolysaccharidosis. OSAS may affect the executive functioning such as motivational ability, planning, behavior modulation, ability to complete an action program, identification of functional strategies to achieve the goal, problem solving, flexibility, monitoring and self-assessment of behavior in relation to results, change of task, or behavior in the light of emerging information, which may be all impaired by nocturnal intermittent hypoxia also during the developmental age. The clinical presentation of OSAS can mimic other neurobehavioral symptoms, such as ADHD syndrome, learning problems, or can exacerbate the Fragile X syndrome, and generalized nonconvulsive epilepsy symptoms

Zasada niezależnych władz administracyjnych we Włoszech: Konstytucja a prawo europejskie

The essay aims to analyze the problem of independent administrative authorities in the Italian legal system. The first section provides some hints on the historical origins of the phenomenon and focuses on the basic characteristic of the organisms in question: independence. The next two paragraphs show that it’s quite difficult to find a constitutional basis for the authorities. In the final paragraph then it is argued that such a foundation can be tried in European law.Sommario: 1. Origini storiche e caratteri delle autorità amministrative indipendenti in Italia. – 2. I modelli di organizzazione amministrativa previsti dalla Costituzione italiana. – 3. Il problema del fondamento costituzionale indiretto delle autorità amministrative indipendenti. – 4. Le amministrazioni indipendenti come manifestazione del primato del diritto europeo sul diritto interno (anche costituzionale).Prezentowane opracowanie dotyczy pozycji, jaką zajmują niezależne organy regulacyjne we włoskim porządku prawnym. Autor przedstawia genezę powstania i rozwój tych instytucji, skupiając się na analizie ich podstawowej cechy, jaką jest niezależność. Autor wskazuje, że omawiane władze nie mają zakotwiczenia w konstytucji, to jednak ich umocowania można doszukać się w prawie europejskim.Tłumaczenie: C. Bronowsk

Le province al tempo della crisi

Il lavoro analizza criticamente i nodi problematici dal punto di vista costituzionale delle riforme legislative dell'assetto delle Province in atto in Italia

Migrants’ Economic integration Cluster. Implement in cluster a new form of governance to empower social capital of local networks for Third Country’s Nationals’ Labour inclusion

The Labour Integration for Migrants' Employment (LIME) project, dedicated to young third-country nationals (aged 18-29), released a toolkit for designing cluster interventions. Networks have become a main tool for cooperation among various integration stakeholders. The current toolkit is based on the Migrants Economic Integration Cluster (MEIC) methodology: a participatory approach to creating networks - or clusters - among public and private stakeholders. Working in such clusters is seen as key to faster, multi-stakeholder approach to integration. Drawing on the experience of the seven LIME project partners based in France, Italy and Spain, the toolkit argues that the MEIC approach is transferable across Europe. The toolkit goes on to illustrates the MEIC methodology, suggesting concrete steps for engaging institutional and private stakeholders, creating and managing clusters to respond to specific integration needs, and ensuring the long-term sustainability of such networks. In addition to the toolkit, the project published the EU recommendation paper “Implement in cluster: a new form of governance to empower social capital of local networks for Third Country Nationals’ labour inclusion”. The paper promotes the involvement of beneficiaries in the co-design of labour inclusion programs at the local level, argues in favour of qualification recognition procedures for third-country nationals, and more. Both documents are available in English, Italian and Spanish