Unpacking ecosystem service bundles: towards predictive mapping of synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem services

Multiple ecosystem services (ES) can respond similarly to social and ecological factors to form bundles. Identifying key social-ecological variables and understanding how they co-vary to produce these consistent sets of ES may ultimately allow the prediction and modelling of ES bundles, and thus, help us understand critical synergies and trade-offs across landscapes. Such an understanding is essential for informing better management of multi-functional landscapes and minimising costly trade-offs. However, the relative importance of different social and biophysical drivers of ES bundles in different types of social-ecological systems remains unclear. As such, a bottom-up understanding of the determinants of ES bundles is a critical research gap in ES and sustainability science. Here, we evaluate the current methods used in ES bundle science and synthesize these into four steps that capture the plurality of methods used to examine predictors of ES bundles. We then apply these four steps to a cross-study comparison (North and South French Alps) of relationships between social-ecological variables and ES bundles, as it is widely advocated that cross-study comparisons are necessary for achieving a general understanding of predictors of ES associations. We use the results of this case study to assess the strengths and limitations of current approaches for understanding distributions of ES bundles. We conclude that inconsistency of spatial scale remains the primary barrier for understanding and predicting ES bundles. We suggest a hypothesis-driven approach is required to predict relationships between ES, and we outline the research required for such an understanding to emerge

Meal electronic payment system

This project is Meal Electronic Payment System (MEPS) purposed for helping the user in meal payment system at cafeteria.Previously,payment system in cafeteria is not efficiency and time consuming.It also wasted energy of user to do payment as it takes long time to queue up. The project’s final output is wants to implement an efficient payment system with time consuming in each transaction will be as short as possible as within 1 minute.In this project, the contactless smart card is a tool to build the electronic payment system.The smartcard systems have been around for many years,used mainly to secure physical access to corporate facilities.The advantages of the card are its durability and reliability.With the advancement in radio frequency technologies,the contactless smartcard systems reduce the maintenance requirements for the smartcard readers.Their use is also very time efficient because the card needs not be taken out and placed in the card readers. Immediately,the transit systems saw the benefit for its time efficiency because the riders can go through the turnstile much quicker.Previously,payment system in cafeteria is not efficiency and time consuming.It also wasted energy of user to do payment as it takes long time to queue up