Controls Consideration and Cognitive Governance

This research addressed two important issues related to the examination of the provisions of the calamity: First: Regulations of the calamity: a set of rules and principles that should be taken into account by the jurist in times of calamity. It also considers the purposes of the legislation as well as the differences between the times of calamity, and takes into account the necessities and needs. The second issue: the perceptions of governance on the calamity: the steps and stages that should be followed by the jurist towards the rule through adaptation of the jurisprudence and its application

Ensemble Learning of Tissue Components for Prostate Histopathology Image Grading

Ensemble learning is an effective machine learning approach to improve the prediction performance by fusing several single classifier models. In computer-aided diagnosis system (CAD), machine learning has become one of the dominant solutions for tissue images diagnosis and grading. One problem in a single classifier model for multi-components of the tissue images combination to construct dense feature vectors is the overfitting. In this paper, an ensemble learning for multi-component tissue images classification approach is proposed. The prostate cancer Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) histopathology images from HUKM were used to test the proposed ensemble approach for diagnosing and Gleason grading. The experiments results of several prostate classification tasks, namely, benign vs. Grade 3, benign vs.Grade4, and Grade 3vs.Grade 4 show that the proposed ensemble significantly outperforms the previous typical CAD and the naïve approach that combines the texture features of all tissue component directly in dense feature vectors for a classifier

Detection of anti-mannan antibodies and TLR9 as alternative methods for diagnosis of candidiasis in immunocompromised patients with vulvovaginitis

Vulvovaginal candidiasis is considered one of the most common women's infections. The main cause of this disease is Candida albicans, which have many virulence factors such as germ tube formation, chlamydospore, and many hydrolytic enzymes. The current study aims to use anti-mannan antibodies and TLR9 to diagnose candidiasis in immuno-compromised patients with vulvovaginitis. A total of two hundred samples were obtained from patients attending Kirkuk Tumor Center, Kirkuk, Iraq, of which 100 were vaginal swabs from immunocompromised patients aged between (18-<40 years) from the period November 2022 to March 2023. The swab samples were transported with brain-hart infusion broth (Himedia-India). Furthermore, the other 100 samples were blood samples that were separated to use the serum for the detection of TLR9 and anti-mannan antibodies. The findings indicated that Candida spp. was present in 83% of the cultured samples. A notable rise in TLR9 was observed in serum samples that tested positive for candida spp. The results of the sensitivity and specification of IgM detection using the ELISA test showed 100% and 89.4%, respectively. The same test for the detection of IgG showed 92.4% and 51.1%. The positive and negative agreement between the ELISA test for detecting IgM and the ELISA test for detecting IgG is 81.4% and 44.1%, respectively. The findings suggest that the use of anti-mannan antibodies to diagnose candidiasis should be considered and given more importance for identification purposes.

Challenges during Operation and Shutdown of Waxy Crude Pipelines

Transportation of waxy crude oil faces great challenges due to shear and temperature dependency. At high temperatures, waxy crude exhibits low viscous Newtonian behavior where the resistance to flow due to friction is low, and hence low pumping pressure is required to transport it. At low temperatures, however, the crude exhibits shear thinning non-Newtonian behavior where its apparent viscosity becomes shear-dependent. In such cases, the operated pipeline needs to maintain a high pressure to guarantee a continuous flow. Moreover, due to heat transfer between the internal pipeline and surroundings, oil temperature declines along the pipeline. It follows that the crude viscosity and, hence, frictional resistance increase. If the flow is interrupted for any reason, i.e., emergency or planned shutdown, then the restartability of the pipeline becomes a challenge because of the nonexistence of heating generated from friction. In this chapter, the challenges normally facing transportation of waxy crude oil will be discussed. The chapter will introduce the rheological properties of waxy crude oil and explain and describe how these properties can affect the pressure losses inside the pipeline during its operation and shutdown. The measures that need to be considered when designing a waxy crude pipeline will be discussed

A hierarchical classifier for multiclass prostate histopathology image gleason grading

Automated classification of prostate histopathology images includes the identification of multiple classes, such as benign and cancerous (grades 3 & 4).To address the multiclass classification problem in prostate histopathology images, breakdown approaches are utilized, such as one-versus-one (OVO) and one- versus-all (Ovall). In these approaches, the multiclass problem is decomposed into numerous binary subtasks, which are separately addressed.However, OVALL introduces an artificial class imbalance, which degrades the classification performance, while in the case of OVO, the correlation between different classes not regarded as a multiclass problem is broken into multiple independent binary problems. This paper proposes a new multiclass approach called multi-level (hierarchical) learning architecture (MLA). It addresses the binary classification tasks within the framework of a hierarchical strategy. It does so by accounting for the interaction between several classes and the domain knowledge. The proposed approach relies on the ‘divide-and-conquer’ principle by allocating each binary task into two separate subtasks; strong and weak, based on the power of the samples in each binary task. Conversely, the strong samples include more information about the considered task, which motivates the production of the final prediction. Experimental results on prostate histopathological images illustrated that the MLA significantly outperforms the Ovall and OVO approaches when applied to the ensemble framework.The results also confirmed the high efficiency of the ensemble framework with the MLA scheme in dealing with the multiclass classification problem

Studying the candida resistance and sensitivity for some antifungals

Back ground: The current study included 150 samples from patients with Candida from a hospital of Medical City / education labs - Baghdad, and ranged in age from (10 – 65(years for both sexes, all isolates taken from different sources (Lower respiratory tract, Urine, Skin, Vaginal and Oral thrux), where the number of males (55(as a percentage (37%) while the number of females (95) as a percentage (63%). The objective: The objectives of this study are studying resistance and sensitivity of candida spp to some antifungals. Material and methods: All the required material which used for the study, and the direct examination was conducted using potassium hydroxide KOH 10%, As well as microscopic examination and laboratory transplantation for all samples, for the purpose of investigating the candidiasis. Also Vitek System examination was conducted on all positive samples for microscopy and laboratory culturing; and so to be diagnosed on the species level, and this study included using (3) anti-fungal equipped from Himedia (India), an  (Fluconazole, Clotrimazole and Nystatin), anti-fungal used by standard disk Diffusion to know the resistance of Candida and its sensitivity toward used anti-fungal. The results: The results of direct examination were vaginal swab (50), Sputum (28), Oral swab (34), Urine (21) and Skin swab (17). Conclusion: Candidiasis was more common in female patients as well as from medical units, where the rate of infection in females more than in males, Candida species were identified by the manual and automated methods and we found that the automated method by using VITEK2 YST Card was the best for species identification

Synergistic effect of tea tree oil on fungi causing vaginal thrush in pregnant women

        Background: Vulvovaginal candidiasis(VVC), or Vaginal thrush, is a vaginitis caused by the overgrowth of some opportunistic yeasts of the genus Candida spp. Australian Tea Tree Oil (TTO) is one of the most important essential oils that contain many compounds that are effective against many bacteria and fungi, which may match the effect of common antibiotics.        Objective: The aim of this study was to isolate and diagnose fungi that causing vaginal thrush, in pregnant women and to study the effect of (pregnancy and pregnancy sequence and age) on the rate of infection compared to non-pregnant, as well as to study the drug sensitivity of isolates towards a number of antifungal and compared that with the inhibitory effectiveness of tea tree oil.        Material and Methods: 75 vaginal swabs from pregnant women and 50 from non-pregnant women were collected at ages ranging from 17-65 years. The isolates were diagnosed using several methods, including the Vitek2 Compact system. 17 isolates were selected to study the inhibitory effect of ten antifungal agents, six of them were automatically tested by the Vitek 2 compact system, which contains a sensitivity test kit (AST-YS07 Card). The essential oil (TTO) was analyzed by GC-MS to detect its content of active compounds. The inhibitory effect of TTO was studied according to "Broth dilution" method to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for it, the inhibitory effect of four concentrations of TTO (100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5 %) was also tested according to "well diffusion" method. This investigation also included a study of the mechanism of action (TTO).         RESULTS: The rate of infection among pregnant women was (41%) with the highest rate of infection during the third trimester of pregnancy, while the percentage of non-pregnant women was only 8%. Vaginal infection was also prevalent in the age group ranged between (17-29 years).The isolates showed resistance to (Ketoconazol, Terbinafine) while they were sensitive to (Nystatin, clotrimazol), as well as sensitive to all antifungal of (AST-YS07 Card). The analysis of the TTO using chromatogram showed that it contains 32 chemical compounds, most of them are monoterpene like (Terpinen-4-ol, 1, 8-Cineol). The MIC of TTO ranged between (4 - < 2 µl/ ml). The function of TTO is to destroy the structural structure of the cell membrane and change its permeability, thereby leakage of cellular components and cell death.        Conclusion: Pregnancy increases the rate of vaginal candidiasis in women, especially during the third trimester. TTO is highly effective in inhibiting the growth of opportunistic candida yeasts.        

Role of IL-22 and TNF-α in pulmonary candidiasis and its effects as immunomodulation through Dectin-2 receptor mediation

Pulmonary fungal infections are severe and potentially fatal conditions caused by various fungi, with varying levels of seriousness. The present study aimed to determine the immunomodulatory role of IL-22 and TNF-α in patients with pulmonary candidiasis. Sputum specimens from 106 (Male/Female) outpatients were collected at the Consultation Clinic for Chest and Respiratory Diseases in Salah Al-Din Governorate in Tikrit – Iraq, from June 2022 to December 2022. The age groups ranged from 20 -75 years. Phenotypic identification of isolates was performed based on Gram reaction, direct wet preparation (10% KOH), and HiCrome™ candida differential agar. Complete species identification was confirmed using the Vitek2® compact system. The study patients\u27 stimulation of IL-22 and TNF-α production through the 4Dectin-2 (CLEC6A) receptor was also examined. The results revealed that 40 of the collected specimens (37.7%) were confirmed as Candida. albicans. Dectin-2 (CLEC6A) expression indicates the concurrent release of TNF-α and IL-22 cytokines in response to C. albicans. The study determined that C. albicans was the main cause of pulmonary candidiasis. These findings can provide valuable insights to optimize the treatment strategies, ultimately enhancing the patient’s quality of life

Decolorization of textile dyes by partially purified Pleurotus ostreatus laccase

Pleurotus ostreatus produced 2.93 U/mg of laccase in solid state fermentation (SSF) using barley bran as substrate under optimum conditions. The optimum SSF conditions were: pH 6.5; temperature, 25Cº; inoculums size 3.5 mm and moisture content, 1:1.5 w/v. Laccase was partially purified 8.29 fold with specific activity 17.5 U/mg by ion exchange chromatography after curd enzyme concentrated by dialysis against the solid sucrose. Partially purified laccase had an optimum pH of 6.5 and was stable in the pH range from 6.5 to 7.5. The optimum temperature was 45 Cº and it displayed considerable stability within the range 15 to 45 Cº with 1h incubation as well as The ability of partial purified laccase to decolorize of textile dyes showed that the blue H3R dye was completely decolorized in all concentrations within first min while yellow FG and red 3B dyes were decolorized in different percentage