The salivary biomarkers: future clinical investigation technique

Human saliva is a clear, slightly acidic biological fluid containing a mixture of secretions from multiple salivary glands, including the parotid, sublingual gland other minor glands beneath the oral mucosa as well as gingival crevice fluid.  Salivary diagnostics has evolved into a sophisticated science and serves as a subset of the larger field of molecular diagnostics, now recognized as a central player in a wide variety of biomedical basic and clinical areas.  Saliva biomarkers are source of indicators for local, systemic, and infectious disorders. The saliva based microbial, immunologic, and molecular biomarkers offers unique opportunities to bypass the painful invasive procedures such as biopsies and repeated blood draws by utilizing oral fluids to evaluate the condition of diseased individuals. Accurate and reliable early stage disease detection is the benefit of salivary biomarkers. Salivary biomarkers represent a promising non-invasive approach for oral cancer detection also. This review explains about the salivary biomarkers and their diagnostic approache

A detailed study of methotrexate treatment in ectopic pregnancy

Methotrexate is a folic acid antagonist, it works by inhibiting the dihydrofolate by interfering with the DNA synthesis. Ectopic pregnancy is a life threatening condition that may cause maternal mortality. The main aim of this review to show the efficacy of systemic methotrexate and shows the importance of methotrexate treatment in management of ectopic pregnancy with surgical treatment and dosage regimen with protocol treatment. The selection criteria of candidates in this review is pregnant women with <5000miu/ml, adrenal mass <4cm, presence of peritoneum <100mland no sign of cardiac activity. Data collections are made from most relevant article between the periods of 1987-2020. Ectopic pregnancy is an emergency condition if not timely diagnosed and most of the cases where identified in first trimester

A review on immune checkpoint blockage therapy

Activating the immune system to eliminate cancer cells and produce clinically relevant response has been a long standing goal of cancer research. Most promising therapeutic approaches of activating antitumor immunity include immune checkpoint inhibitors. Our immune system protect us from disease, killing bacteria and virus. One main type of immune cell called T-cells. T-cells have protein that turn it off. These are called checkpoint. Immune checkpoint are accessory molecules that either promote or inhibit T-cell activation. Checkpoint inhibitor are a type of immunotherapy. They block protein that stops the immune system from attacking the cancer cells. Checkpoint inhibitor are a type of monoclonal antibody or targeted treatment. Immune system cells, such as T-cells and Antigen presenting cells (APCs), defend and protect the body. Immune system play an important role in controlling and eradicating cancer. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes associated protein 4(CTLA-4) and Programmed cell dealth protein (PD-1) are checkpoint protein which is the negative regulation of T-cell immune function. Inhibition of the target, results in increased activation of immune system

Prescription auditing in rural area

Prescription is an order written by a physician, dentist or any other medical practitioner to the pharmacist to compound and dispense a specific medication for individual patient. Prescription auditing is a quality improvement process that seeks to improve patient care. The parameters which has to analyzed in the process of prescription auditing are, patient demographics, clinical diagnosis, department, prescribing standards, doctors name and signature. It is a prospective survey carried out in a rural area. About 50 prescription was collected. The study provides the effect of prescription auditing. Patients age sex, date of prescription ,drugs name and signature of the prescriber, dose, dosage form, duration of treatment was collected and analyzed. About 96% of prescription contain patient name, 88% contain patient age, all of these prescription are written in brand names and 96% are written in small letter. About 60% of the prescription contain dose of the drug and 90% of drug dosage forms are included. Among 50 prescription, 36% are eligible for reading, 48% are partially eligible and 16% are not eligible for reading. Prescription audits is an educational activity, which promotes high-quality patient care and which should carried out regularly.. A prescription auidit is to designed to measure the compliance with the standards of the proven clinical practice and to record the required and the documented changes in the clinical practice, which are shown by the re-audits.&nbsp

A rare presentation of adult Bartter syndrome: a case report

Bartter syndrome (BS) is an inherited renal tubular disease. It is caused by a defective salt reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle. The term BS signify a group of renal disease which is the common divisor of hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis. BS is categorized into 5 types based on the specific channel; type 1 is linked to gene SLC12A1, type 2 is linked to a gene KCNJ1, type 3 is linked to a gene called CICNKb while type 4 is linked to a gene BSND and type 5 is linked to CASR gene. This disorder is correlated with an increased antenatal and neonatal mortality. Here, a 61 years old female patient was presented with complaints of fever, myalgia, nausea, and cough for one day, decreased appetite and unable to do daily routine. Patient had conscious, oriented and afebrile. She had history of OAD, type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. On hospital stay, she was started on IV calcium gluconate, potassium chloride, magnesium sulphate, antipyretics and other supportive measures. This case concludes the rarity of the BS. Correct diagnosis of BS is more expensive and not routinely available genetic testing. Therefore, the significance of diagnosing the case is more relevant

Role of pharmacy students in reducing medication error- a survey

A medication error is any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of health care professional, patient, or consumer.The disciplines of medicine, nursing, and pharmacy all play a major role in preventing medication-related errors. To Study the role of pharmacy students in reducing the occurrence of medication errors. A Prospective survey will be carried out using the informations gathered from students in Pharmacy Colleges. This study is to analyze the knowledge of the pharmacy students in reducing medication error. In the questionnaire how the medication error reported, Types of medication error, common drugs involved in medication error etc was included. Also response is recorded. These collected data will be subjected to proper statistical analysis. About 50 students were responded through Google forms. Majority 44% Pharm-D students were responded well. About 88% of medication error was monitored and remaining 12% not.The majority of 60% antibiotics involved in the Medication error. About 96% of people have beneficial in patient care. About 94% responders having lack of knowledge and insufficient training of pharmacist is a problem. Responders of about 62%prescription error, 24% administration error and 14% dispensing error. 84% of responders were documented the medication error. This study will help to aware pharmacy students the importance of reporting medication error and to reduce the occurrence of the medication error and also to study the knowledge of the pharmacy students in medication error reporting.&nbsp

Pharmacogenetics and the Future of Perzonalized Medications

Clinical genetic testing has grown across the globe over the past 30 decades as the causative mutations for Mendelian diseases have been pointed out, especially helped in part by the recent advances in molecular technologies. Substantially, the use of up to date tests and other strategies such as diagnostic confirmation, testing prenatally, and population-based carrier screening is offered with caution and careful consideration before implementing clinically. This may facilitate the appropriate use of brand new genetic tests available. It helps clinicians to judge and prescribe drugs more wisely. Nowadays, most of the health organizations and drug safety commissions provide revisions that include pharmacogenetic information leaflets for selected drugs. However, regardless of some pharmacogenetic associations with adverse results, rest of the proposals has been proven successfully. When compared with testing for the Mendelian diseases, pharmacogenetic testing for other manifestations may have only a negligible positive predictive value, which is one rationale for underutilization. A number of other barriers remain with implementing clinical pharmacogenetics, including lack of clinical utility, professional education, and regulatory and reimbursement issues, among others. Through this review we put forward some of the challenges and barriers faced in executing a clinical pharmacogenetic test

A case report on anti-tubercular agent induced hepatotoxicity

Hepatotoxicity is the serious adverse effect of tuberculosis treatment and it leads to the discontinuation of Anti-tubercular agent (ATT) causing increased drug resistance, morbidity and mortality. We report a 69 years old male patient with ATT induced hepatotoxicity.

Prevalence, pattern and management of tonsilitis in students-an online survey

Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, two oval-shaped pads of tissue at the back of the throat-one tonsil on each side. Signs and symptoms of tonsillitis include swollen tonsils, sore throat, difficulty swallowing and tender lymph nodes on the sides of the neck. The objective of the study is to study the prevalence of tonsillitis in adults, to evaluate which triggering factors contributes to tonsillitis and to evaluate the treatment strategy for tonsillitis. A Prospective survey will be carried out in 49 peoples using the information's gathered from students in Pharmacy colleges in Trivandrum. This study provides the prevalence of tonsillitis. Past history, medication usage, diagnosis, treatment and triggering factors was collected and analyzed properly. Also response is recorded. In the current research, a survey on prevalence of tonsillitis in adults was formulated .Approximately, 77% female are affected with tonsillitis than 22.9% of male. Among the responders, 75% have tonsillitis and remaining 25% not. About 13% of patients taken self medication, 47.8% consulting physician and 41% are taken home remedies. From this study, most of the responders were satisfied with OTC medicines and home remedies and recurrent attack of tonsillitis are increasing day by day to abolish Tonsillitis, to reduce the frequency and severity of recurrent throat infections to improve general well-being, behavior, and educational achievement with minimal adverse effects.    &nbsp

A survey on functioning of male and female with migraine

Migraines are severe, recurring, and painful headaches. The extreme pain have that migraines cause can last for hours or even days. Migraines can follow an aura of sensory disturbances followed by a severe headache that often appears on one side of the head. Objective of the study include; To find out whether male and female are more prone to develop migraine, To evaluate which triggering factors contributes to migraine and To evaluate the people taking OTC for migraine. A Prospective survey will be carried out in 75 peoples using the information’s gathered from students in Pharmacy colleges in Trivandrum. This study provides the prevalence of migraine headache. Past history, medication usage, diagnosis, treatment, triggering factors, physical and intellectual activities was collected, analysed properly and response is recorded. These collected data will be subjected to statistical analysis. In the current research, a survey on functioning of male and female with migraine was formulated. Among the respondents about 18-35 age group is commonly affected migraine with 98.7%(n=74). Approximately, 63.5%(n=47) female are affected with migraine than 36.5%(n=27) male. About 11.16%(n=8) of patients taken prescription drugs and 52.2%(n=48) are taken over-the-counter medicines. Migraine worsened in 77.20%(n=48) patients with stress, 50%(n=33) bright sunshine, 33.30%(n=22)  loud noise and others have air travel, fatigue, certain smells and perfume. The goal of management is to reduce frequency and severity of episodes in males and females. Also limit the impact of this chronic pain condition