143 research outputs found
Second echelon node predicts metastatic involvement of additional axillary nodes following sentinel node biopsy in early breast cancer
Second echelon node predicts metastatic involvement of additional axillary nodes following sentinel node biopsy in early breast cancer
BACKGROUND : In many patients with early breast cancer, the sentinel
lymph node (SLN) is the sole site of regional nodal metastasis. This
subgroup of patients may not benefit from completion axillary lymph
node dissection (CALND). AIMS: This pilot study evaluates the status
of 2nd echelon (station) lymph nodes in the axilla as a predictor of
additional positive nodes in the axilla in the presence of sentinel
node metastasis. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of 40
breast cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty patients with
invasive breast cancer underwent SLN biopsy followed by 2nd echelon
lymph node biopsy in the same sitting. SLN mapping was performed using
a combined technique of isosulfan blue and 99 mTc-sulfur colloid. SLNs
(Station I) were defined as blue and/or hot nodes. These nodes were
then injected with 0.1 ml of blue dye using a fine needle and their
efferent lymphatic was traced to identify the Station II nodes. Then a
complete ALND was performed. All the specimens were sent separately for
histopathological evaluation. RESULTS : SLNs (Station I nodes) were
successfully identified in 98% (39/40) patients. Of the 17 patients
with a positive SLN, 8 (47%) patients had no further positive nodes in
the axilla, 9 (53%) patients had additional metastasis in nonsentinel
lymph nodes upon CALND. Station II nodes were identified in 76% (13/17)
patients with a positive SLN. Station II nodes accurately predicted the
status of the remaining axilla in 92% patients (12/13). STATISTICAL
ANALYSIS : We calculated the Sensitivity, Negative predictive value,
Positive predictive value, False negative rate and Identification rate.
CONCLUSION : Station II nodes may predict metastatic involvement of
additional nodes in the axilla
Occurrence of co-existing bla VIM-2 and bla NDM-1 in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from India
Expression and subcellular localization of cyclin D1 protein in epithelial ovarian tumour cells
The expression of cyclin D1 protein in tumour sections from 81 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer was analysed using immunohistochemistry. The tumours that overexpressed cyclin D1 in more than 10% of neoplastic cells were considered positive. Thus overexpression of cyclin D1 was observed in 72/81 (89%) of the cases examined. Protein was detected in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm in 24/81 (30%) and localized exclusively in the cytoplasm in 48/81 (59%) of the tumours. Cyclin D1 was overexpressed in both borderline and invasive tumours. There was no association between protein overexpression and tumour stage and differentiation. Furthermore, no correlation between cyclin D1 expression and clinical outcome was observed. However, in tumours overexpressing cyclin D1 (n = 72), the proportion displaying exclusively cytoplasmic localization of protein was higher in those with serous compared with non-serous histology (P = 0.004, odds ratio 4.8, 95% confidence interval 1.4–19.1). Western analysis using a monoclonal antibody to cyclin D1 identified a 36 kDa protein in homogenates from seven tumours displaying cytoplasmic only and one tumour demonstrating both nuclear and cytoplasmic immunostaining. Using restriction fragment length polymorphism polymerase chain reaction and PCR-multiplex analysis, amplification of the cyclin D1 gene (CCNDI) was detected in 1/29 of the tumours demonstrating overexpression of cyclin D1 protein. We conclude that deregulation of CCND1 expression leading to both cytoplasmic and nuclear protein localization is a frequent event in ovarian cancer and occurs mainly in the absence of gene amplification. © 1999 Cancer Research Campaig
A novel immunohistochemical method for estimating cell cycle phase distribution in ovarian serous neoplasms: implications for the histopathological assessment of paraffin-embedded specimens
Robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy
Prostate cancer remains a significant health problem worldwide and is the second highest cause of cancer-related death in men. While there is uncertainty over which men will benefit from radical treatment, considerable efforts are being made to reduce treatment related side-effects and in optimising outcomes. This article reviews the development and introduction of robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP), the results to date, and the possible future directions of RALP
Malaria pigment crystals as magnetic micro-rotors: Key for high-sensitivity diagnosis
The need to develop new methods for the high-sensitivity
diagnosis of malaria has initiated a global activity in medical
and interdisciplinary sciences. Most of the diverse variety of
emerging techniques are based on research-grade instruments,
sophisticated reagent-based assays or rely on expertise. Here,
we suggest an alternative optical methodology with an easy-to-
use and cost-effective instrumentation based on unique
properties of malaria pigment reported previously and determined
quantitatively in the present study. Malaria pigment, also
called hemozoin, is an insoluble microcrystalline form of heme.
These crystallites show remarkable magnetic and optical
anisotropy distinctly from any other components of blood. As a
consequence, they can simultaneously act as magnetically driven
micro-rotors and spinning polarizers in suspensions. These
properties can gain importance not only in malaria diagnosis and
therapies, where hemozoin is considered as drug target or immune
modulator, but also in the magnetic manipulation of cells and
tissues on the microscopic scale
Ethnobotany in the Nepal Himalaya
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Indigenous knowledge has become recognized worldwide not only because of its intrinsic value but also because it has a potential instrumental value to science and conservation. In Nepal, the indigenous knowledge of useful and medicinal plants has roots in the remote past.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The present study reviews the indigenous knowledge and use of plant resources of the Nepal Himalayas along the altitudinal and longitudinal gradient. A total of 264 studies focusing on ethnobotany, ethnomedicine and diversity of medicinal and aromatic plants, carried out between 1979 and 2006 were consulted for the present analysis. In order to cross check and verify the data, seven districts of west Nepal were visited in four field campaigns.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In contrast to an average of 21–28% ethnobotanically/ethnomedicinally important plants reported for Nepal, the present study found that up to about 55% of the flora of the study region had medicinal value. This indicates a vast amount of undocumented knowledge about important plant species that needs to be explored and documented. The richness of medicinal plants decreased with increasing altitude but the percentage of plants used as medicine steadily increased with increasing altitude. This was due to preferences given to herbal remedies in high altitude areas and a combination of having no alternative choices, poverty and trust in the effectiveness of folklore herbal remedies.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Indigenous knowledge systems are culturally valued and scientifically important. Strengthening the wise use and conservation of indigenous knowledge of useful plants may benefit and improve the living standard of poor people.</p
The neurobiology of mouse models syntenic to human chromosome 15q
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that manifests in childhood as social behavioral abnormalities, such as abnormal social interaction, impaired communication, and restricted interest or behavior. Of the known causes of autism, duplication of human chromosome 15q11–q13 is the most frequently associated cytogenetic abnormality. Chromosome 15q11–q13 is also known to include imprinting genes. In terms of neuroscience, it contains interesting genes such as Necdin, Ube3a, and a cluster of GABAA subunits as well as huge clusters of non-coding RNAs (small nucleolar RNAs, snoRNAs). Phenotypic analyses of mice genetically or chromosomally engineered for each gene or their clusters on a region of mouse chromosome seven syntenic to human 15q11–q13 indicate that this region may be involved in social behavior, serotonin metabolism, and weight control. Further studies using these models will provide important clues to the pathophysiology of autism. This review overviews phenotypes of mouse models of genes in 15q11–q13 and their relationships to autism
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