Detection of Sybil attack in vehicular ad hoc networks by analyzing network performance

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is an emerging technology which can be very helpful for providing safety and security as well as for intelligent transportation services. But due to wireless communication of vehicles and high mobility it has certain security issues which cost the safety and security of people on the road. One of the major security concerns is the Sybil attack in which the attacker creates dummy identities to gain high influence in the network that causes delay in some services and fake voting in the network to misguide others. The early detection of this attack can prevent people from being misguided by the attacker and save them from getting into any kind of trap. In this research paper, Sybil attack is detected by first applying the Poisson distribution algorithm to predict the traffic on the road and in the second approach, analysis of the network performance for packet delivery ratio (PDR) is performed in malign and benign environment. The simulation result shows that PDR decreases in presence of fake vehicles in the network. Our approach is simple and effective as it does not require high computational overhead and also does not violate the privacy issues of people in the network

Further evidence that a terminal drought tolerance QTL is also associated with reduced salt uptake

AbstractEarlier, we established that a major drought tolerance QTL on linkage group 2 of pearl millet is also associated with reduced salt uptake and enhanced growth under salt stress. Present study was undertaken to re-assess the performance of drought tolerant (PRLT 2/89-33) and drought sensitive (H 77/833-2) parents along with two QTL-NILs (ICMR 01029 and ICMR 01040), under salinity stress specifically imposed during post-flowering growth stages when plants had developed their ion sinks in full. Time course changes in ionic accumulation and their compartmentalization in different plant parts was studied, specifically to monitor and capture changes conferred by the two alleles at this QTL, at small intervals. Amongst different plant parts, higher accumulation of toxic ion Na+ was recorded in roots. Further, the Na+ concentration in roots of the testcross hybrid of the drought-sensitive parent (H 77/833-2) reached its maximum at ECiw 15dSm−1 within 24h after salinity imposition, whereas it continued to increase with time in the testcross hybrids of the drought tolerant parent PRLT 2/89-33 as well as those of its QTL-NILs (ICMR 01029 and ICMR 01004) and reached at its maximum at 120h stage. Comparison of differential distribution of toxic ions in individual leaves revealed that Na+ ions were not uniformly distributed in the leaves of the drought-tolerant parent and drought-tolerant QTL-NILs; but accumulated preferentially in the older leaves, whereas the hybrid of the drought-sensitive parent showed significantly higher Na+ concentration in all main stem leaves irrespective of their age. Dynamics of chlorophyll and proline concentration variation studied under salt stress at late flowering stages revealed a greater reduction, almost twice, in both leaf chlorophyll and proline concentrations in younger leaves in the hybrids of the sensitive parent as compared to the tolerant parent and QTL NILs. Imposition of salinity stress even at flowering stage affected the yield performance in pearl millet, wherein higher yield was recorded in drought tolerant parent and the two QTL-NILs compared to drought sensitive parent

Slim Body Weight Is Highly Associated With Enhanced Lipoprotein Functionality, Higher HDL-C, and Large HDL Particle Size in Young Women

There has been no information about the correlations between body weight distribution and lipoprotein metabolism in terms of high-density lipoproteins-cholesterol (HDL-C) and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). In this study, we analyzed the quantity and quality of HDL correlations in young women (21.5 ± 1.2-years-old) with a slim (n = 21, 46.2 ± 3.8 kg) or plump (n = 30, 54.6 ± 4.4 kg) body weight. Body weight was inversely correlated with the percentage of HDL-C in total cholesterol (TC). The plump group showed 40% higher body fat (26 ± 3 %) and 86% more visceral fat mass (VFM, 1.3 ± 0.3 kg) than the slim group, which showed 18 ± 2% body fat and 0.7 ± 0.2 kg of VFM. Additionally, the plump group showed 20% higher TC, 58% higher triglyceride (TG), and 12% lower HDL-C levels in serum. The slim group showed 34% higher apoA-I but 15% lower CETP content in serum compared to the plump group. The slim group showed a 13% increase in particle size and 1.9-fold increase in particle number with enhanced cholesterol efflux activity. Although the plump group was within a normal body mass index (BMI) range, its lipid profile and lipoprotein properties were distinctly different from those of the slim group in terms of CETP mass and activity, HDL functionality, and HDL particle size

Chemical composition and larvicidal activities of the essential oil of Zanthoxylum armatum DC (Rutaceae) against three mosquito vectors

Background & objectives: In view of the recently increased interest in developing plant origininsecticides as an alternative to chemical insecticide, this study was undertaken to assess the larvicidalpotential of the essential oil from the seeds of Zanthoxylum armatum DC [syn. Z. alatum Roxb](Rutaceae) against three medically important species of mosquito vectors, Aedes aegypti, Anophelesstephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus.Methods: Essential oil was hydro distilled in the laboratory from the seeds obtained from the marketand the chemical constituents of the oil were determined using GC/GC-MS. Bioefficacy of theessential oil was evaluated under laboratory conditions using III instar mosquito larvae.Results: Among the three mosquito species tested, Cx. quinquefasciatus was the most sensitive(LC50 = 49 ppm) followed by Ae. aegypti (LC50 = 54 ppm) and An. stephensi (LC50 = 58 ppm). GCMSanalysis of the oil revealed at least 28 compounds, consisting mainly of oxygenated monoterpenes(75%) and monoterpenes (22%). Linalool though constituted a major part (57%), failed to produceany appreciable mortality when tested alone.Interpretation & conclusion: From the results it can be concluded that the larvae of the three mosquitospecies were susceptible to the essential oil composition. Such findings would be useful in promotingresearch aiming at the development of new agent for mosquito control based on bioactive chemicalcompounds from indigenous plant sources as an alternative to chemical larvicides

ANTI-HYPERGLYCEMIC AND ANTI-HYPERLIPIDEMIC POTENTIAL OF A POLYHERBAL PREPARATION “DIABEGON” IN METABOLIC SYNDROME SUBJECT WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES

Background: In the present study, “Diabegon” a poly-herbal preparation, with hypoglycemic activity, was evaluated for its preventive effect in metabolic syndrome subjects with type 2 diabetes and also to reveal its side effects, on liver and kidney. Materials and Methods: Type 2 diabetic subjects with metabolic syndrome (N=58) were categorized on the basis of age and fasting blood glucose. The grouping was as follows: Group I (35-50 yrs), Group II (51-65 yrs), Group III >65 yrs, Group IV FBS145. Each group was administered 4 gm of diabegon daily. Blood glucose levels, lipid profile, liver and kidney function of the subjects were regularly monitored within 3 months of interval to 18 months. Results: The reduction in fasting blood glucose level ranged from 12.3% (

Role of cytokine in malignant T-cell metabolism and subsequent alternation in T-cell tumor microenvironment

T cells are an important component of adaptive immunity and T-cell-derived lymphomas are very complex due to many functional sub-types and functional elasticity of T-cells. As with other tumors, tissues specific factors are crucial in the development of T-cell lymphomas. In addition to neoplastic cells, T- cell lymphomas consist of a tumor micro-environment composed of normal cells and stroma. Numerous studies established the qualitative and quantitative differences between the tumor microenvironment and normal cell surroundings. Interaction between the various component of the tumor microenvironment is crucial since tumor cells can change the microenvironment and vice versa. In normal T-cell development, T-cells must respond to various stimulants deferentially and during these courses of adaptation. T-cells undergo various metabolic alterations. From the stage of quiescence to attention of fully active form T-cells undergoes various stage in terms of metabolic activity. Predominantly quiescent T-cells have ATP-generating metabolism while during the proliferative stage, their metabolism tilted towards the growth-promoting pathways. In addition to this, a functionally different subset of T-cells requires to activate the different metabolic pathways, and consequently, this regulation of the metabolic pathway control activation and function of T-cells. So, it is obvious that dynamic, and well-regulated metabolic pathways are important for the normal functioning of T-cells and their interaction with the microenvironment. There are various cell signaling mechanisms of metabolism are involved in this regulation and more and more studies have suggested the involvement of additional signaling in the development of the overall metabolic phenotype of T cells. These important signaling mediators include cytokines and hormones. The impact and role of these mediators especially the cytokines on the interplay between T-cell metabolism and the interaction of T-cells with their micro-environments in the context of T-cells lymphomas are discussed in this review article

Randomized Clinical Trial of High-Dose Rifampicin With or Without Levofloxacin Versus Standard of Care for Pediatric Tuberculous Meningitis: The TBM-KIDS Trial

Background. Pediatric tuberculous meningitis (TBM) commonly causes death or disability. In adults, high-dose rifampicin may reduce mortality. The role of fluoroquinolones remains unclear. There have been no antimicrobial treatment trials for pediatric TBM. Methods. TBM-KIDS was a phase 2 open-label randomized trial among children with TBM in India and Malawi. Participants received isoniazid and pyrazinamide plus: (i) high-dose rifampicin (30 mg/kg) and ethambutol (R30HZE, arm 1); (ii) high-dose rifampicin and levofloxacin (R30HZL, arm 2); or (iii) standard-dose rifampicin and ethambutol (R15HZE, arm 3) for 8 weeks, followed by 10 months of standard treatment. Functional and neurocognitive outcomes were measured longitudinally using Modified Rankin Scale (MRS) and Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL). Results. Of 2487 children prescreened, 79 were screened and 37 enrolled. Median age was 72 months; 49%, 43%, and 8% had stage I, II, and III disease, respectively. Grade 3 or higher adverse events occurred in 58%, 55%, and 36% of children in arms 1, 2, and 3, with 1 death (arm 1) and 6 early treatment discontinuations (4 in arm 1, 1 each in arms 2 and 3). By week 8, all children recovered to MRS score of 0 or 1. Average MSEL scores were significantly better in arm 1 than arm 3 in fine motor, receptive language, and expressive language domains (P < .01). Conclusions. In a pediatric TBM trial, functional outcomes were excellent overall. The trend toward higher frequency of adverse events but better neurocognitive outcomes in children receiving high-dose rifampicin requires confirmation in a larger trial. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT02958709

Chemical Reaction and Internal Heating Effects on the Double Diffusive Convection in Porous Membrane Enclosures Soaked with Maxwell Fluid

In this paper, the joint impact of the interior heating and chemical reaction on the double diffusive convective flow in porous membrane enclosures soaked by a non-Newtonian Maxwell fluid is investigated applying linear and nonlinear stability techniques. The porous enclosures are square, slender and rectangular. Using the linear stability analysis, the expression for the critical thermal Rayleigh&ndash;Darcy number, above which the convective movement occurs, is derived analytically in terms of associated physical parameters. A nonlinear stability examination reliant on the Fourier double series is executed to calculate the convective heat and mass transports of the arrangement. It is observed that the pattern of convective activity is oscillatory only in the occurrence of a relaxation parameter and the threshold value of the relaxation parameter for the occurrence of the oscillatory pattern depends on the other physical parameters. The onset of convective instability accelerates with the increasing chemical reacting parameter, the interior heating parameter, the solute Rayleigh&ndash;Darcy number, the Lewis number, the Vadasz number, and the relaxation parameter, while it delays with the heat capacity ratio. The convective heat and mass transfers increase with the solute Rayleigh&ndash;Darcy number, the Vadasz number, the relaxation parameter, and the aspect ratio (for rectangular enclosure), while it decreases with the heat capacity ratio and the aspect ratio (for slender enclosure). Additionally, the convective heat transfer enhances with the interior heating parameter, while the convective mass transfer enhances with the chemical reacting parameter and the Lewis number. The effects of Vadasz number, heat capacity ratio, and relaxation parameter are witnessed only on the oscillatory pattern of convection and unsteady convective heat and mass transfers. Further, some existing literature results are compared with the current findings