Cubic and spherical nanoparticles for detection and therapy of cancer

Cancer is the leading cause of high mortality rates. Cancer patients require advanced treatment due to lack of early prevention and diagnosis. Moreover, progression of the disease is unpredictable and personalized therapy options are being explored. Existing cancer therapy leads to drug resistance that worsens patient survival rates, and thus disease management is challenging. This necessitates the need to understand the underlying cause, early detection of possible biomarkers, monitor the disease state and develop effective therapeutics. Current innovations in cancer detection and therapy includes use of newer class of smart nanomaterials. These advances in nanoscale materials, due to their unique size, chemical and physical properties, make them ideal for nanomedicinal and nanoelectronic applications. The work performed in this thesis describes the design and the synthesis of cubic and spherical nanoparticles, and their subsequent applications toward energy interactions, biochemical interactions and cellular targeting. Details of receptor mediated endocytic mechanism, targeted capture of circulating tumor cells (CTC), athermal mechanism of controlled release of biomolecules from nanoparticles using femtosecond pulses, and targeted siRNA delivery using nanoparticles have been explained. Mechanistic studies showed that receptor targeting follows a clathrin mediated endocytic pathway. Receptor-targeted nanoparticles showed effective capture of EpCAM-negative CTCs. The cubic shaped nanoparticles were found to enhance the plasmon-photon coupling to efficiently release biomolecules. Spherical nanoparticle mediated siRNA delivery resensitized drug resistant NSCLC by downregulating two important oncogenes, AXL and FN14 as observed by both in vitro and in vivo studies. Additionally, the study highlights drug resensitization following the effective knockdown of AXL using CRISPR based gene editing. Overall, the results demonstrate the application of nanoparticles for advanced diagnostics and therapeutics

IN VITRO STUDY OF AN AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF ECLIPTA ALBA HASSK. FOR HEPG2 CELL LINE

It is the need of the day to identify the new anticancer herbal drug, which not only in possession of good anticancer effects but also cost effective. Here we are presenting such an anticancer Ayurvedic herb which is used since the centuries for the treatment of different diseases of diverse origin. Eclipta alba Hassk., also called as Bhringraj is very important medicinal herb in many medicinal formulations. Though it is commonly used for hair growth, many evidences found its hepatoprotective activity. Here we are presenting all aspects about Bhringraj in terms of qualitative and quantitative values and we have also tried to prove the anticancer activity of it for hepatic cancer. We have used the aqueous extract of Eclipta alba Hassk. for phytochemical analysis, TLC, HPLC analysis to test active chemical components in it. Extract showed presence of many active chemical components which were responsible for its anticancer activity. In vitro study we used the aqueous extract of Eclipta alba Hassk. for the evaluation of its effects on HepG2 (Human liver cancer cell line). The SRB assay results were used to evaluate the anti-cancer activity of the extract. The effects of whole plant extract on cancer cell line were studied. Percentage of cell growth and cell viability were calculated from tabulated result values of srb assay. The experiment revealed that the average percentage of growth inhibition was 68.74%. Cell viability SRB assay also showed significant growth inhibition, at the same time statistical analysis of SRB assay also proved significant results. The research performed here is very useful for set up of different extract studies of Bhringraj for its anticancer activity

Methodology to Aircraft Design – Market Study & Design Optimization

In the last few years Aircraft have grown to be large-scale products with an increasing number of complicated systems, components, parts, and capabilities. Every single one of them. Various fields and technologies are included. Multiple sets of tools, procedures and methods are also included, as a result, to fully define, design, and develop an aircraft A comprehensive and methodic approach is required. Aircraft design that serves as a pillar in the evolution of the life cycle A balanced system solution that satisfies the needs of the customer. To accompany these characteristics. system engineering provides an interdisciplinary organization but is still flexible in many ways. This paper introduces the ideas of the system and the significance of the life cycle in developing cost-effective and competitive outlets. In addition, the topic includes definitions that describe system engineering as well as instances of process models. Finally, it finishes with the system engineering method, which is used in aircraft design. It begins by defining the concept of a system and then covers the role of the life cycle in the development of competitive and cost-effective goods. This study defines systems engineering and provides an example of a system engineering process model. Finally, it depicts the systems engineering method as used in aircraft design. Advanced design methodology, aircraft conceptual design, design process, design space exploration, functional analysis, requirement analysis, systems design, systems engineering system the life cycle in airplane transactions by investors mostly determined is by objective assessments of the specific aspects that have an effect on its residual value over a given period

Reduction of Defect and Variation using Six Sigma Methodology inan Instrument Manufacturing Company

Our Project centres around the implementation of the Six Sigma DMAIC methodology, a structured approach utilized by organizations to effectively address challenges and achieve their objectives. The project's objective is to decrease the rejection rate of valves and variation in the Instrument Manufacturing Company process in Gujarat, India. Following the systematic steps of Define, Measure, Analysis, Improve, and Control (DMAIC) within the Six Sigma framework, the project study aims to identify the root cause(s) of defects and provide a reliable solution to reduce or eliminate them thereby enhancing operational capabilitiesmaking it a valuable tool for the organization

Coculture with hemicellulose-fermenting microbes reverses inhibition of corn fiber solubilization by Clostridium thermocellum at elevated solids loadings

Background: The cellulolytic thermophile Clostridium thermocellum is an important biocatalyst due to its ability to solubilize lignocellulosic feedstocks without the need for pretreatment or exogenous enzyme addition. At low concentrations of substrate, C. thermocellum can solubilize corn fiber \u3e 95% in 5 days, but solubilization declines markedly at substrate concentrations higher than 20 g/L. This differs for model cellulose like Avicel, on which the maximum solubilization rate increases in proportion to substrate concentration. The goal of this study was to examine fermentation at increasing corn fiber concentrations and investigate possible reasons for declining performance. Results: The rate of growth of C. thermocellum on corn fiber, inferred from CipA scaffoldin levels measured by LC–MS/MS, showed very little increase with increasing solids loading. To test for inhibition, we evaluated the effects of spent broth on growth and cellulase activity. The liquids remaining after corn fiber fermentation were found to be strongly inhibitory to growth on cellobiose, a substrate that does not require cellulose hydrolysis. Additionally, the hydrolytic activity of C. thermocellum cellulase was also reduced to less-than half by adding spent broth. Noting that \u3e 15 g/L hemicellulose oligosaccharides accumulated in the spent broth of a 40 g/L corn fiber fermentation, we tested the effect of various model carbohydrates on growth on cellobiose and Avicel. Some compounds like xylooligosaccharides caused a decline in cellulolytic activity and a reduction in the maximum solubilization rate on Avicel. However, there were no relevant model compounds that could replicate the strong inhibition by spent broth on C. thermocellum growth on cellobiose. Cocultures of C. thermocellum with hemicellulose-consuming partners—Herbinix spp. strain LL1355 and Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum—exhibited lower levels of unfermented hemicellulose hydrolysis products, a doubling of the maximum solubilization rate, and final solubilization increased from 67 to 93%. Conclusions: This study documents inhibition of C. thermocellum with increasing corn fiber concentration and demonstrates inhibition of cellulase activity by xylooligosaccharides, but further work is needed to understand why growth on cellobiose was inhibited by corn fiber fermentation broth. Our results support the importance of hemicellulose-utilizing coculture partners to augment C. thermocellum in the fermentation of lignocellulosic feedstocks at high solids loading

Desalination and Water Purification Analysis using Modified Double-Slope Passive Solar Still

The study aimed to analyze desalination and water purification using modified double-slope passive solar still (MDSPSS). The MDSPSS technique promotes sustainability and minimizes energy consumption, chemical additives, and environmental impacts as compared to other conventional desalination processes. The performance of MDSPSS was evaluated experimentally and theoretically in terms of physicochemical parameters of water quality and productivity. An economic analysis was performed to assess the viability of the process. The experiments were conducted on typical days of June and December in 2017 to account for summer as well as winter conditions. The cumulative distillate productivity was about 8.21 L/day and 6.01 L/day at 1.0 cm water depth during the summer and winter seasons, respectively. The experimental results were compared with standard (water quality) values recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organization. The cost of the distilled water, as per the economic analysis over 15 years of use, is $0.009 and$0.027 per liter per kWh, respectively, with a currency conversion rate of ₹73.25 for every $, with a payback period of 99 days. The maximum (instantaneous) energy efficiency and overall energy efficiency of MDSPSS in this study are 26.18% and 10.12%, respectively