Declining free healthcare and rising treatment costs in India: an analysis of national sample surveys 1986-2004

The article focuses on trends in health-seeking behaviour of people and choosing between government and private sources, reasons for not accessing health care and the cost of treatment by examining three rounds of NSS data on health care use and morbidity pattern during 1986–87, 1995–96 and 2004. With variation across states, treatment-seeking from public providers has declined and preference for private providers has increased over the period. Although overall health-seeking behaviour has improved for both males and females, a significant percentage of people, more in rural than urban areas, do not seek treatment due to lack of accessibility and consider that the illness is not serious enough to require treatment. The financial reason for not seeking treatment was also an important issue in rural areas. There has also been change in the cost of health care over time. While the health care cost has increased, the gap between the public and the private has reduced, owing to perhaps increased cost of treatment in public health facilities following the levying of user-fees and curtailing distribution of free medicine. Practically all states reported decline in availability of free both out-patient and in-patient care. The article concludes with supporting the adaptation of innovative public-private partnership in health sector for various services realizing the limitations of the state provision of health, particularly in rural and remote areas, and the growing preference of consumers for private health providers. As effectiveness of public spending also depends on the choice of health interventions, target population and technical efficiency partnering with private health providers could work towards reducing the health inequalities in the country

Intrusion Detection Systems Based on Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks

[EN] Intrusion detection system (IDS) is regarded as the second line of defense against network anomalies and threats. IDS plays an important role in network security. There are many techniques which are used to design IDSs for specific scenario and applications. Artificial intelligence techniques are widely used for threats detection. This paper presents a critical study on genetic algorithm, artificial immune, and artificial neural network (ANN) based IDSs techniques used in wireless sensor network (WSN)The authors extend their appreciation to the Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program(DSFP) at King Saud University for funding this research.Alrajeh, NA.; Lloret, J. (2013). Intrusion Detection Systems Based on Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks. 2013(351047):1-6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/351047S16201335104

Enhanced ferromagnetism and glassy state in phase separated La0.95Sr0.05MnO3 + δ

Unusual high temperature ferromagentism is reported for La0.95Sr0.05MnO3+δ with Curie temperatures (TC1 and TC2) TC1 at 290 K and TC2 ∼ 150 K. Weak antiferromagnetism (AFM) is thought to give low moment, low temperature irreversibility, and non-saturation up to 10 T at 5 K. A short-range ferromagnetism is predicted from well-defined hysteresis at 5 K and field-cooled (FC) magnetization curves. Strong irreversibility between zero field-cooled (ZFC) and FC at 5 T is due to “hard” spins, not from ferromagnetic clusters. Field-dependent peak shift of spin freezing temperature in ZFC, memory effect, magnetic relaxation shows cluster glass like transition in the system. A metal-insulator transition at 115 K also implies a completion of percolation of short range ferromagnetic clusters, giving an onset of metallic state at 115 K. A complete magnetic phase diagram is presented showing its temperature dependent rich magnetic behavior.Fundação para a CIência e a Tecnologia (FCT

Strain induced enhanced ferromagnetic behavior in inhomogeneous low doped La0.95Sr0.05MnO3+δ

We report an unusual high-temperature ferromagnetic transition in bulk single-phase nanocrystalline La0.95Sr0.05MnO3þd, achieved through localized strain and inhomogeneous Sr-doping. Magnetization measurements show a well defined transition at 290 K and a broad one at 150 K. HRTEM imaging reveals the strain on the highly crystalline nanometer sized grains and Sr-doping gradients, while oxygen homogeneity at the grain interfaces is confirmed by EELS-spectra. The magnetic behavior, far from the expected bulk phase diagram, shows how local doping and strain can strongly tune the macroscopic properties of a bulk material.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT