86 research outputs found
Time on Task Effects during Interactive Visual Search
There is a major shift taking place in airports across the globe, changing from 2D dual-view X-ray screening to 3D CT screening. 3D CT screening is believed to improve target detection since it enables screeners to interact with images of passenger baggage (i.e., rotating and zooming into the displays). The change in screening technology is moving what was once a purely visual search task to an interactive search task. Here, we conducted two experiments with a large sample size during February of 2023 (695 participants) to examine (1) changes in search performance between a simulated dual-view and simulated interactive search task and (2) the effects of time on task upon performance. Consistent with past research, we found that interactive search, when compared with dual-view search, produced higher response accuracy rates coupled with increased reaction times. However, while we found effects of time on task (RTs reduced, and participants became more likely to respond âabsentâ as the experiments progressed) there was no evidence that these effects differed across simulated dual-view and simulated interactive searches. The results are discussed in relation to benefits of interactive search for supporting target detection by airport screeners
Collaborative research exploring mental health service user perspectives on acute inpatient occupational therapy
Introduction:User perspectives are important for understanding why people engage with occupational therapy during an admission for acute mental health issues, and can be used to inform service provision and development. Method: Twenty-two recent and current inpatients participated in six semi-structured individual interviews and three focus groups. Data from the two methods were initially subject to separate thematic analysis. Then a further stage of constant comparative analysis, of both data sets, generated the findings presented here. Findings: Three themes were identified: (1) âA tiny sort of worldâ expressed experiences of being restricted; (2) âReliefâ indicated how occupational therapy offered relief from the ward and experiences of mental ill-health; and (3) âSomething to doâ suggested specific purposes for engaging in occupation. These themes indicate how service users experience and value occupational therapy for different reasons at different times. The approach of occupational therapists to service users, valuing them as occupational beings, is a key aspect of their experience. Conclusion: The profession is challenged to design flexible opportunities for occupational engagement which simultaneously provide relief and distraction, address diverse occupational needs, and are feasible within the resource restrictions of acute mental health services
WHICH TESTOSTERONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY?
SUMMARY Three different forms of testosterone (T) replacement therapy were compared; they were the intramuscular injection of mixed testosterone esters 250 mg; the subcutaneous implantation of 6 x 100 mg pellets of fused testosterone; and the oral administration of testosterone undecanoate (TU) 80 mg twice daily. Six hypogonadal males were treated with oral TU for an eight week period, during which time serial serum hormonal estimations were performed over 10 h at the initiation and after four and eight weeks of therapy. Serum T levels showed marked variability both between subjects and within the same subject on different occasions. We attribute this to variability in absorption of TU, which is formulated in oleic acid. The overall mean T level calculated from the areas under the profiles of TU was 12.0 nmol/l. Hormone responses to injected T esters were studied in nine hypogonadal males. Serum T rose to supraphysiological peak concentrations (mean 71 nmol/l) 24-48 h after an injection, followed by an exponential decay to reach baseline concentrations after 2-3 weeks. The overall calculated mean T level in subjects receiving testosterone esters 250 mgevery three weeks was 27.7 nmol/l. Subcutaneous implantation of testosterone in six hypogonadal men produced a gradual rise in serum T followed by a slow decline, with T levels remaining within the normal range for 4-5 months. The calculated overall mean T level over 21 weeks after implantation was 17.0 nmol/l. Serum oestradiol (Ez) levels remained within the normal male range throughout the study periods on both TU and T implant therapy but showed a supraphysiological peak (mean 347 pmol/l) 24-48 h after a T injection. Sa-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels appeared to parallel those of T on the three forms of therapy, with DHT:T ratios being highest for TU therapy. This was also true for the target organ metabolite 5a-androstane-3a, 17B-diol. At the doses studied drug costs were similar for T implantation (every 5 months) and Tester injections (every 3 weeks), but were 7-8 times higher for TU (80 mg twice a day). We conclude that T implantation remains overall the most physiological form of androgen replace
Investigation of the Deprotonative Generation and Borylation of Diamine-Ligated α-Lithiated Carbamates and Benzoates by in situ IR spectroscopy
Diamine-mediated
α-deprotonation of <i>O</i>-alkyl
carbamates or benzoates with alkyllithium reagents, trapping of the
carbanion with organoboron compounds, and 1,2-metalate rearrangement
of the resulting boronate complex are the primary steps by which organoboron
compounds can be stereoselectively homologated. Although the final
step can be easily monitored by <sup>11</sup>B NMR spectroscopy, the
first two steps, which are typically carried out at cryogenic temperatures,
are less well understood owing to the requirement for specialized
analytical techniques. Investigation of these steps by in situ IR
spectroscopy has provided invaluable data for optimizing the homologation
reactions of organoboron compounds. Although the deprotonation of
benzoates in noncoordinating solvents is faster than that in ethereal
solvents, the deprotonation of carbamates shows the opposite trend,
a difference that has its origin in the propensity of carbamates to
form inactive parasitic complexes with the diamine-ligated alkyllithium
reagent. Borylation of bulky diamine-ligated lithiated species in
toluene is extremely slow, owing to the requirement for initial complexation
of the oxygen atoms of the diol ligand on boron with the lithium ion
prior to boronâlithium exchange. However, ethereal solvent,
or very small amounts of THF, facilitate precomplexation through initial
displacement of the bulky diamines coordinated to the lithium ion.
Comparison of the carbonyl stretching frequencies of boronates derived
from pinacol boronic esters with those derived from trialkylboranes
suggests that the displaced lithium ion is residing on the pinacol
oxygen atoms and the benzoate/carbamate carbonyl group, respectively,
explaining, at least in part, the faster 1,2-metalate rearrangements
of boronates derived from the trialkylboranes
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Protocol for a feasibility study of a self help cognitive behavioural therapy resource for the reduction of dental anxiety in young people
Background
Childhood dental anxiety is very common, with 10â20 % of children and young people reporting high levels of dental anxiety. It is distressing and has a negative impact on the quality of life of young people and their parents as well as being associated with poor oral health. Affected individuals may develop a lifelong reliance on general anaesthetic or sedation for necessary dental treatment thus requiring the support of specialist dental services. Children and young people with dental anxiety therefore require additional clinical time and can be costly to treat in the long term. The reduction of dental anxiety through the use of effective psychological techniques is, therefore, of high importance. However, there is a lack of high-quality research investigating the impact of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) approaches when applied to young peopleâs dental anxiety.
Methods/design
The first part of the study will develop a profile of dentally anxious young people using a prospective questionnaire sent to a consecutive sample of 100 young people referred to the Paediatric Dentistry Department, Charles Clifford Dental Hospital, in Sheffield. The second part will involve interviewing a purposive sample of 15â20 dental team members on their perceptions of a CBT self-help resource for dental anxiety, their opinions on whether they might use such a resource with patients, and their willingness to recruit participants to a future randomised controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate the resource. The third part of the study will investigate the most appropriate outcome measures to include in a trial, the acceptability of the resource, and retention and completion rates of treatment with a sample of 60 dentally anxious young people using the CBT resource.
Discussion
This study will provide information on the profile of dentally anxious young people who could potentially be helped by a guided self-help CBT resource. It will gain the perceptions of dental care team members of guided self-help CBT for dental anxiety in young people and their willingness to recruit participants to a trial. Acceptability of the resource to participants and retention and completion rates will also be investigated to inform a future RCT
Integrating technology into cognitive behavior therapy for adolescent depression: a pilot study
The production of a physiological puzzle: how Cytisus adami confused and inspired a centuryâs botanists, gardeners, and evolutionists
âAdamâs laburnumâ (or Cytisus adami), produced by accident in 1825 by Jean-Louis Adam, a nurseryman in Vitry, became a commercial success within the plant trade for its striking mix of yellow and purple flowers. After it came to the attention of members of La SociĂ©tĂ© dâHorticulture de Paris, the tree gained enormous fame as a potential instance of the much sought-after âgraft hybridâ, a hypothetical idea that by grafting one plant onto another, a mixture of the two could be produced. As I show in this paper, many eminent botanists and gardeners, including Charles Darwin, both experimented with Adamâs laburnum and argued over how it might have been produced and what light, if any, it shed on the laws of heredity. Despite Jean-Louis Adamâs position and status as a nurseryman active within the Parisian plant trade, a surprising degree of doubt and scepticism was attached to his testimony on how the tree had been produced in his nursery. This doubt, I argue, helps us to trace the complex negotiations of authority that constituted debates over plant heredity in the early 19th century and that were introduced with a new generation of gardening and horticultural periodicals
Minjingu phosphate rock availability in low-pH highly weathered soil as affected by added salts
Mind Wandering increases during Low Prevalence Visual Searches
This experiment set out to investigate whether levels of mind wandering increased during visual search for low prevalence targets. This was achieved using a simple visual search paradigm with incorporated mind wandering probes. As anticipated, results revealed higher rates of mind wandering when target prevalence was low, thereby demonstrating that mind wandering may contribute to the effects of low target prevalence
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