3,279 research outputs found
Trusts - Principal and Income - Apportionment Under Pennsylvania Rule of Stock Dividends Based on Capital Surplus
Under the terms of a trust established in New York in 1915 income was to be paid to a beneficiary for life and upon his death the principal was to be distributed to certain descendants of the settlor. Two extraordinary stock distributions were received by the trust during the life of the income beneficiary. In issuing the additional shares each of the corporations had transferred to capital stock account its entire capital surplus and sufficient earned surplus to support the additional shares at their par value. At the time of creation of the trust New York applied the Pennsylvania rule for apportioning stock dividends between principal and income. The trustee determined what percentage of the amount transferred to capital stock account on the corporate books represented earned surplus and allocated to income that percentage of the additional stock received by the trustee. The remainder of the stock, which represented capitalization of capital surplus, was allocated to principal, although part of it could have been given to income without impairing the intact value of the stock given to the trust by the settlor, that is, the book value at the time of the creation of the trust plus any natural capital increments. The life beneficiary\u27s executors objected to the allocation. In a proceeding to settle the trustee\u27s accounts the lower court ordered a referee to determine whether certain items were properly includible in capital surplus for trust purposes. The appellate division upheld the apportionment as made by the trustee. On appeal, held, affirmed, two judges dissenting. The income beneficiary is entitled to no more of a stock distribution than can be connected with the capitalization of earned surplus. In re Bingham\u27s Will, (N.Y. 1959) 163 N.E. (2d) 301
Acute neuroinflammation induces AIS structural plasticity in a NOX2-dependent manner
Background Chronic microglia-mediated inflammation and oxidative stress are well-characterized underlying factors in neurodegenerative disease, whereby reactive inflammatory microglia enhance ROS production and impact neuronal integrity. Recently, it has been shown that during chronic inflammation, neuronal integrity is compromised through targeted disruption of the axon initial segment (AIS), the axonal domain critical for action potential initiation. AIS disruption was associated with contact by reactive inflammatory microglia which wrap around the AIS, increasing association with disease progression. While it is clear that chronic microglial inflammation and enhanced ROS production impact neuronal integrity, little is known about how acute microglial inflammation influences AIS stability. Here, we demonstrate that acute neuroinflammation induces AIS structural plasticity in a ROS-mediated and calpain-dependent manner. Methods C57BL/6J and NOX2−/− mice were given a single injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 5 mg/kg) or vehicle (0.9% saline, 10 mL/kg) and analyzed at 6 h–2 weeks post-injection. Anti-inflammatory Didox (250 mg/kg) or vehicle (0.9% saline, 10 mL/kg) was administered beginning 24 h post-LPS injection and continued for 5 days; animals were analyzed 1 week post-injection. Microglial inflammation was assessed using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and RT-qPCR, and AIS integrity was quantitatively analyzed using ankyrinG immunolabeling. Data were statistically compared by one-way or two-way ANOVA where mean differences were significant as assessed using Tukey’s post hoc analysis. Results LPS-induced neuroinflammation, characterized by enhanced microglial inflammation and increased expression of ROS-producing enzymes, altered AIS protein clustering. Importantly, inflammation-induced AIS changes were reversed following resolution of microglial inflammation. Modulation of the inflammatory response using anti-inflammatory Didox, even after significant AIS disruption occurred, increased the rate of AIS recovery. qPCR and IHC analysis revealed that expression of microglial NOX2, a ROS-producing enzyme, was significantly increased correlating with AIS disruption. Furthermore, ablation of NOX2 prevented inflammation-induced AIS plasticity, suggesting that ROS drive AIS structural plasticity. Conclusions In the presence of acute microglial inflammation, the AIS undergoes an adaptive change that is capable of spontaneous recovery. Moreover, recovery can be therapeutically accelerated. Together, these findings underscore the dynamic capabilities of this domain in the presence of a pathological insult and provide evidence that the AIS is a viable therapeutic target
The effect of vacuum polarisation on muon-proton scattering at small energies and angles
We give a compact expression for the unpolarised differential cross section
for muon-proton scattering in the one photon exchange approximation. The effect
of adding the vacuum polarisation amplitude to the no-spin-flip amplitude for
one photon exchange is calculated at small energies and scattering angles and
is found to be negligible for present experiments.Comment: 6 pages, one figur
COMPTEL solar flare observations
COMPTEL as part of a solar target of opportunity campaign observed the sun during the period of high solar activity from 7-15 Jun. 1991. Major flares were observed on 9 and 11 Jun. Although both flares were large GOES events (greater than or = X10), they were not extraordinary in terms of gamma-ray emission. Only the decay phase of the 15 Jun. flare was observed by COMPTEL. We report the preliminary analysis of data from these flares, including the first spectroscopic measurement of solar flare neutrons. The deuterium formation line at 2.223 MeV was present in both events and for at least the 9 Jun. event, was comparable to the flux in the nuclear line region of 4-8 MeV, consistent with Solar-Maximum Mission (SSM) Observations. A clear neutron signal was present in the flare of 9 Jun. with the spectrum extending up to 80 MeV and consistent in time with the emission of gamma-rays, confirming the utility of COMPTEL in measuring the solar neutron flux at low energies. The neutron flux below 100 MeV appears to be lower than that of the 3 Jun. 1982 flare by more than an order of magnitude. The neutron signal of the 11 Jun. event is under study. Severe dead time effects resulting from the intense thermal x-rays require significant corrections to the measured flux which increase the magnitude of the associated systematic uncertainties
Epidemiology of coagulase-negative staphylococci intramammary infection in dairy cattle and the effect of bacteriological culture misclassification
Transplantation of Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor-Expressing Adult Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells Promotes Remyelination and Functional Recovery after SpinalCord Injury
Demyelination contributes to the dysfunction after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). We explored whether the combination of neurotrophic factors and transplantation of adult rat spinal cord oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) could enhance remyelination and functional recovery after SCI. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) was the most effective neurotrophic factor to promote oligodendrocyte (OL) differentiation and survival of OPCs in vitro. OPCs were infected with retroviruses expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) or CNTF and transplanted into the contused adult thoracic spinal cord 9 d after injury. Seven weeks after transplantation, the grafted OPCs survived and integrated into the injured spinal cord. The survival of grafted CNTF-OPCs increased fourfold compared with EGFP-OPCs. The grafted OPCs differentiated into adenomatus polyposis coli (APC+) OLs, and CNTF significantly increased the percentage of APC+ OLs from grafted OPCs. Immunofluorescent and immunoelectron microscopic analyses showed that the grafted OPCs formed central myelin sheaths around the axons in the injured spinal cord. The number of OL-remyelinated axons in ventrolateral funiculus (VLF) or lateral funiculus (LF) at the injured epicenter was significantly increased in animals that received CNTF-OPC grafts compared with all other groups. Importantly, 75% of rats receiving CNTF-OPC grafts recovered transcranial magnetic motor-evoked potential and magnetic interenlargement reflex responses, indicating that conduction through the demyelinated axons in VLF or LF, respectively, was partially restored. More importantly, recovery of hindlimb locomotor function was significantly enhanced in animals receiving grafts of CNTF-OPCs. Thus, combined treatment with OPC grafts expressing CNTF can enhance remyelination and facilitate functional recovery after traumatic SCI
Response to Comment on: Luijf et al. Premeal Injection of Rapid-Acting Insulin Reduces Postprandial Glycemic Excursions in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2010;33:2152–2155
Escape Behavior of Quantum Two-Particle Systems with Coulomb Interactions
Quantum escapes of two particles with Coulomb interactions from a confined
one-dimensional region to a semi-infinite lead are discussed by the probability
of particles remaining in the confined region, i.e. the survival probability,
in comparison with one or two free particles. For free-particle systems the
survival probability decays asymptotically in power as a function of time. On
the other hand, for two-particle systems with Coulomb interactions it shows an
exponential decay in time. A difference of escape behaviors between Bosons and
Fermions is considered as quantum effects of identical two particles such as
the Pauli exclusion principle. The exponential decay in the survival
probability of interacting two particles is also discussed in a viewpoint of
quantum chaos based on a distribution of energy level spacings.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figure
Acceptance of the Artificial Pancreas:Comparing the Effect of Technology Readiness, Product Characteristics and Social Influence between Invited and Self-Selected Respondents
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Habitat use, movements, and behavior of postbreeding female canvasbacks in Manitoba
The habitat use, movements, and behavioral energetics
of unsuccessfully breeding female canvasbacks (Aythya
valisineria) were examined during the preflightless period
in southern Manitoba during 1989-90. Following breeding
attempts, unsuccessful females generally expanded their home
range on the breeding area, remained there for up to one
month, preferentially used large semipermanent and permanent
wetlands, and were gregarious. Nocturnal shifts in habitat
use were apparent and may be an adaptation to avoid
predation by mink. Unsuccessful females depart the breeding
area to participate in a moult migration of up to 300 km
independent of the departure of males. Wetlands
approximately 40 km north of the breeding area appear to
serve as staging wetlands for the moult migration. Both Swan
Lake and Dauphin Lake in central Manitoba appear to be
important moulting waters for unsuccessful females. Time
spent on the breeding area and on staging wetlands may be
required to replenish fat reserves for the moult migration,
the moult itself, and upcoming fall migration. During the
preflightless period, females spend approximately 40% of
their diurnal energy budget feeding and their daily energy
expenditure is approximately 1200-1300 kJ. The cost of the
moult migration from the breeding area to Swan Lake is
estimated to be between 1700 and 3100 kJ requiring between
40 and 80 g of stored body fat. This study underscores the
importance of breeding, staging and moulting habitats to
female canvasback populations in Manitoba
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