Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), through their complex cargo, can reflect the state of their cell of origin and change the functions and phenotypes of other cells. These features indicate strong biomarker and therapeutic potential and have generated broad interest, as evidenced by the steady year-on-year increase in the numbers of scientific publications about EVs. Important advances have been made in EV metrology and in understanding and applying EV biology. However, hurdles remain to realising the potential of EVs in domains ranging from basic biology to clinical applications due to challenges in EV nomenclature, separation from non-vesicular extracellular particles, characterisation and functional studies. To address the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) updates its 'Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles', which was first published in 2014 and then in 2018 as MISEV2014 and MISEV2018, respectively. The goal of the current document, MISEV2023, is to provide researchers with an updated snapshot of available approaches and their advantages and limitations for production, separation and characterisation of EVs from multiple sources, including cell culture, body fluids and solid tissues. In addition to presenting the latest state of the art in basic principles of EV research, this document also covers advanced techniques and approaches that are currently expanding the boundaries of the field. MISEV2023 also includes new sections on EV release and uptake and a brief discussion of in vivo approaches to study EVs. Compiling feedback from ISEV expert task forces and more than 1000 researchers, this document conveys the current state of EV research to facilitate robust scientific discoveries and move the field forward even more rapidly

Blood flow and metabolic control at the onset of heavy exercise

The rate of increase in oxygen uptake (VO2) at the onset of a bout of heavy exercise is faster if it is preceded by a similar bout of heavy exercise. We tested the hypothesis during heavy leg exercise that leg blood flow (LBF) and VO2 would both be elevated during the adaptive phase. On three separate days, six healthy young men completed two bouts of 6-minutes of knee extension / flexion exercise at about 85% VO2peak separated by 5-minutes 0-watt exercise on an electrically braked ergometer. LBF was determined by Doppler ultrasound. In the second exercise bout, LBF and VO2 were significantly elevated in the baseline before exercise and throughout the exercise. Both the mean response time (time to 63% of difference between baseline and calculated end value) and the difference in VO2 between minutes 3 and 6 of exercise indicated significantly faster attainment of the end exercise value in the second heavy exercise bout. These data showing the elevated LBF in the second bout of heavy exercise support the link between O2 delivery and the adaptation of oxidative metabolism at the onset of heavy exercise