Poligami dalam Hukum Islam dan Hukum Positif Indonesia Serta Urgensi Pemberian Izin Poligam di Pengadilan Agama

Penulisan artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dasar hukum berpoligami dalam hukum islam maupun hukum positif di Indonesia serta mengetahui bagaimana urgensi pemberian izin berpoligami di Pengadilan Agama. Dalam tulisan ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif dengan berbagai teori interpretasi. Pengadilan Agama merupakan lembaga peradilan dibawah Mahkamah Agung yang sangat penting dalam menangani permasalahan mengenai sengketa yang berhubungan dengan agama Islam. Mulai dari perkawinan, kewarisan, wasiat, hibah, wakaf, zakat, infak, sedekah, sampai ekonomi syariah menjadi tugas dan wewenang dari Pengadilan Agama yang sesuai dengan Pasal 49 dan 50 UU No.7 Tahun 1989 tentang Pengadilan Agama yang telah diamandemen dengan UU No.3 Tahun 2006. Dalam Pasal 4 ayat (1) UU No. 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan, apabila seorang suami ingin beristri lebih dari seorang maka wajib mengajukan permohonan kepada Pengadilan di daerah tempat tinggalnya (yaitu Pengadilan Agama). Diatur pula dalam pasal-pasal berikutnya dalam pengajuan poligami harus memenuhi syarat-syarat yang sudah ditentukan menurut UU Perkawinan. Pengaturan tentang poligami di hukum positif seakan mempersulit suami untuk poligami, sedangkan hukum islam sendiri tidak terlalu mempersulit seorang suami untuk poligami. Oleh karena itu kedua hukum ini harus saling sinkron agar tidak menimbulkan suatu permasalahan dalam perkawinan khususnya poligami

Lives saved with vaccination for 10 pathogens across 112 countries in a pre-COVID-19 world.

BackgroundVaccination is one of the most effective public health interventions. We investigate the impact of vaccination activities for Haemophilus influenzae type b, hepatitis B, human papillomavirus, Japanese encephalitis, measles, Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A, rotavirus, rubella, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and yellow fever over the years 2000-2030 across 112 countries.MethodsTwenty-one mathematical models estimated disease burden using standardised demographic and immunisation data. Impact was attributed to the year of vaccination through vaccine-activity-stratified impact ratios.ResultsWe estimate 97 (95%CrI[80, 120]) million deaths would be averted due to vaccination activities over 2000-2030, with 50 (95%CrI[41, 62]) million deaths averted by activities between 2000 and 2019. For children under-5 born between 2000 and 2030, we estimate 52 (95%CrI[41, 69]) million more deaths would occur over their lifetimes without vaccination against these diseases.ConclusionsThis study represents the largest assessment of vaccine impact before COVID-19-related disruptions and provides motivation for sustaining and improving global vaccination coverage in the future.FundingVIMC is jointly funded by Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) (BMGF grant number: OPP1157270 / INV-009125). Funding from Gavi is channelled via VIMC to the Consortium's modelling groups (VIMC-funded institutions represented in this paper: Imperial College London, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Public Health England, Johns Hopkins University, The Pennsylvania State University, Center for Disease Analysis Foundation, Kaiser Permanente Washington, University of Cambridge, University of Notre Dame, Harvard University, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Emory University, National University of Singapore). Funding from BMGF was used for salaries of the Consortium secretariat (authors represented here: TBH, MJ, XL, SE-L, JT, KW, NMF, KAMG); and channelled via VIMC for travel and subsistence costs of all Consortium members (all authors). We also acknowledge funding from the UK Medical Research Council and Department for International Development, which supported aspects of VIMC's work (MRC grant number: MR/R015600/1).JHH acknowledges funding from National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship; Richard and Peggy Notebaert Premier Fellowship from the University of Notre Dame. BAL acknowledges funding from NIH/NIGMS (grant number R01 GM124280) and NIH/NIAID (grant number R01 AI112970). The Lives Saved Tool (LiST) receives funding support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.This paper was compiled by all coauthors, including two coauthors from Gavi. Other funders had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report. All authors had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication

Exposure Patterns Driving Ebola Transmission in West Africa:A Retrospective Observational Study

BackgroundThe ongoing West African Ebola epidemic began in December 2013 in Guinea, probably from a single zoonotic introduction. As a result of ineffective initial control efforts, an Ebola outbreak of unprecedented scale emerged. As of 4 May 2015, it had resulted in more than 19,000 probable and confirmed Ebola cases, mainly in Guinea (3,529), Liberia (5,343), and Sierra Leone (10,746). Here, we present analyses of data collected during the outbreak identifying drivers of transmission and highlighting areas where control could be improved.Methods and findingsOver 19,000 confirmed and probable Ebola cases were reported in West Africa by 4 May 2015. Individuals with confirmed or probable Ebola ("cases") were asked if they had exposure to other potential Ebola cases ("potential source contacts") in a funeral or non-funeral context prior to becoming ill. We performed retrospective analyses of a case line-list, collated from national databases of case investigation forms that have been reported to WHO. These analyses were initially performed to assist WHO's response during the epidemic, and have been updated for publication. We analysed data from 3,529 cases in Guinea, 5,343 in Liberia, and 10,746 in Sierra Leone; exposures were reported by 33% of cases. The proportion of cases reporting a funeral exposure decreased over time. We found a positive correlation (r = 0.35, p ConclusionsAchieving elimination of Ebola is challenging, partly because of super-spreading. Safe funeral practices and fast hospitalisation contributed to the containment of this Ebola epidemic. Continued real-time data capture, reporting, and analysis are vital to track transmission patterns, inform resource deployment, and thus hasten and maintain elimination of the virus from the human population

The Convergence Club: An Explanation of Media Convergence Through Fan Films

The purpose of this video is to demonstrate and explain the effects of media convergence. It was filmed for an assignment in our Communication and Media Studies course last fall. The task was to create a “fan film” of some sort that highlighted key aspects of media convergence (the merging of media technologies) and attach it to a video essay that further elaborated on which concepts were shown in the video and why. Our group decided to film a trailer for an imaginary sequel to “The Breakfast Club,” in which we depict an “updated” version of the classic story and characters designed to fit in with the modern era (e.g. the characters communicate on smartphones, certain character archetypes revolve around digital-age concepts, etc.). In the following video essay, each of the group members cite various scholarly sources (many of which come from Henry Jenkins) that help define media convergence, the different forms it can come in, its implications for society, and the types of media convergence shown in the opening fan film. In addition, we decided to present the fan film as if it were a YouTube advertisement overlaid onto the “real” video, that being our video essay. Available at https://youtu.be/7e_7_QHvaW

Profili gestionali e di controllo delle aziende vitivinicole

Background: Waste from end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment, known as e-waste, is a rapidly growing global problem. E-waste contains valuable materials that have an economic value when recycled. Unfortunately, the majority of e-waste is recycled in the unregulated informal sector and results in significant risk for toxic exposures to the recyclers, who are frequently women and children. Objectives: The aim of this study was to document the extent of the problems associated with inappropriate e-waste recycling practices. Methods: This was a narrative review that highlighted where e-waste is generated, where it is recycled, the range of adverse environmental exposures, the range of adverse health consequences, and the policy frameworks that are intended to protect vulnerable populations from inappropriate e-waste recycling practices. Findings: The amount of e-waste being generated is increasing rapidly and is compounded by both illegal exportation and inappropriate donation of electronic equipment, especially computers, from developed to developing countries. As little as 25% of e-waste is recycled in formal recycling centers with adequate worker protection. The health consequences of both direct exposures during recycling and indirect exposures through environmental contamination are potentially severe but poorly studied. Policy frameworks aimed at protecting vulnerable populations exist but are not effectively applied. Conclusions: E-waste recycling is necessary but it should be conducted in a safe and standardized manor. The acceptable risk thresholds for hazardous, secondary e-waste substances should not be different for developing and developed countries. However, the acceptable thresholds should be different for children and adults given the physical differences and pronounced vulnerabilities of children. Improving occupational conditions for all e-waste workers and striving for the eradication of child labor is non-negotiable