Numerical analysis for the pure Neumann control problem using the gradient discretisation method

The article discusses the gradient discretisation method (GDM) for distributed optimal control problems governed by diffusion equation with pure Neumann boundary condition. Using the GDM framework enables to develop an analysis that directly applies to a wide range of numerical schemes, from conforming and non-conforming finite elements, to mixed finite elements, to finite volumes and mimetic finite differences methods. Optimal order error estimates for state, adjoint and control variables for low order schemes are derived under standard regularity assumptions. A novel projection relation between the optimal control and the adjoint variable allows the proof of a super-convergence result for post-processed control. Numerical experiments performed using a modified active set strategy algorithm for conforming, nonconforming and mimetic finite difference methods confirm the theoretical rates of convergence

EVALUASI EKSTRAK KULIT JERUK PURUT (CITRUS HYSTRIX) SEBAGAI ANTI PEMBENTUKAN BIOFILM OLEH ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS

ABSTRAKNama: Devika Permata DewiFakultas: Kedokteran GigiProgram Studi: Pendidikan Dokter GigiJudul: Evaluasi Ekstrak Kulit Jeruk Purut (Citrus hystrix) sebagai Anti Pembentukan Biofilm oleh Enterococcus faecalisEnterococcus faecalis adalah bakteri Gram-positif fakultatif anaerob yang dapat bertahan hidup pada lingkungan yang ekstrim. Infeksi enterococci hingga 90% disebabkan oleh E. faecalis, yang dalam bidang kedokteran gigi merupakan penyebab kegagalan perawatan saluran akar. Jeruk purut (Citrus hystrix) merupakan salah satu tanaman herbal yang pada bagian kulitnya mengandung senyawa aktif yang memiliki daya antibakteri seperti saponin, tanin, steroid triterpenoid, alkaloid, dan juga flavonoid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi ekstrak kulit jeruk purut (Citrus hystrix) sebagai anti pembentukan biofilm oleh E. faecalis. Ekstrak kulit jeruk purut (Citrus hystrix) dibuat dengan konsentrasi 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, 12,5%, dan 6,25% secara maserasi menggunakan etanol 96%. Untuk pengujian biofilm digunakan metode Microtiter Plate Biofilm Assay dengan menggunakan ELISA reader dengan nilai optical density 595 nm. Hasil uji statistik desain One Way ANOVA menunjukkan nilai

The evolutionary nature of RV Tauri stars in the SMC and LMC

Based on their stellar parameters and the presence of a mid-IR excess due to circumstellar dust, RV Tauri stars have been classified as post-AGB stars. Our recent studies, however, reveal diverse SEDs among RV Tauri stars, suggesting they may occupy other evolutionary channels as well. The aim of this paper is to present the diverse SED characteristics of RV Tauri stars and investigate their evolutionary nature as a function of their SEDs. We carried out a systematic study of RV Tauri stars in the SMC and LMC because of their known distances and hence luminosities. Their SEDs were classified in three groups: dusty (disc-type), non-dusty (non-IR) and uncertain. A period-luminosity- colour (PLC) relation was calibrated. The luminosities from the PLC were complemented with the ones found using their SEDs and the stars were placed on the HR-diagram. The four main results from this study are: 1) RV Tauri stars with a clear IR-excess have disc-type SEDs, which indicates that the dust is trapped in a stable disc. Given the strong link between disc-type SEDs and binarity in the Galaxy, we postulate that these are binaries as well. These cover a range of luminosities and we argue that the more luminous ones are post-AGB stars while the lower luminosity ones are likely post-Red Giant Branch (post-RGB) stars. 2) Two of these objects have variable mean brightness with periods of 916 and 850 days, respectively, caused by variable extinction during orbital motion. 3) The non-dusty RV Tauri stars and the objects with an uncertain SED evolve such that the circumstellar dust has dispersed. If they are single stars, they are post-AGB objects of low initial mass ($<$ 1.25 M$_\odot$), while if they are binaries, the low-luminosity part of the sample are likely post-RGB stars. 4) We find that RV Tauri stars with dust are on average more luminous than the rest of the sample.Comment: 32 Pages, Accepted to be published in A&

On trust: the UN as fiduciary (a reply to Rosa Freedman)

In the literature responding to the problem of sexual violence by UN peacekeepers, scholars have focused on ‘shame’, ‘danger’ and even ‘hope’ as values around which to frame accountability processes. The premise of this article is that the UN’s failure to prevent sexual abuse and exploitation by peacekeepers is primarily a betrayal of trust, such that one of the central roles of accountability processes should be to work to repair and restore trust. Of course, the concept of trust is context specific and can have interpersonal, financial and political manifestations and implications. It also has legal relevance. I argue that trust is foundational to our understanding of the legal authority exercised by UN peacekeepers. In legal terms, we can classify the relationship between UN peacekeepers and the foreign populations over which they exercise authority in the nature of a fiduciary relationship. Because the fiduciary relationship is legal in nature, it generates legal duties, including the duty to account to those over whom it exercises control

Heavy-element yields and abundances of Asymptotic Giant Branch models with a Small Magellanic Cloud metallicity

We present new theoretical stellar yields and surface abundances for asymptotic giant branch (AGB) models with a metallicity appropriate for stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC, $Z= 0.0028$, [Fe/H] $\approx -0.7$). New evolutionary sequences and post-processing nucleosynthesis results are presented for initial masses between 1$M_{\odot}$ and 7$M_{\odot}$, where the 7$M_{\odot}$ is a super-AGB star with an O-Ne core. Models above 1.15$M_{\odot}$ become carbon rich during the AGB, and hot bottom burning begins in models $M \ge 3.75 M_{\odot}$. We present stellar surface abundances as a function of thermal pulse number for elements between C to Bi and for a selection of isotopic ratios for elements up to Fe and Ni (e.g., $^{12}$C/$^{13}$C), which can be compared to observations. The integrated stellar yields are presented for each model in the grid for hydrogen, helium and all stable elements from C to Bi. We present evolutionary sequences of intermediate-mass models between 4--7$M_{\odot}$ and nucleosynthesis results for three masses ($M=3.75, 5, 7M_{\odot}$) including $s$-process elements for two widely used AGB mass-loss prescriptions. We discuss our new models in the context of evolved AGB stars and post-AGB stars in the Small Magellanic Clouds, barium stars in our Galaxy, the composition of Galactic globular clusters including Mg isotopes with a similar metallicity to our models, and to pre-solar grains which may have an origin in metal-poor AGB stars.Comment: 19 pages, accepted for publication in MNRA

The authority of universal jurisdiction

The aim of this article is to flesh out the implications of seeing universal jurisdiction as a claim to authority. While the idea that jurisdiction is an exercise of authority may seem obvious, the article invites attention to the ‘claim’ inherent within it, particularly where the exercise of jurisdiction intrudes upon or displaces competing claims. Legal scholars and practitioners tend to focus on the legal source of authority to exercise universal jurisdiction. The consequence is a tendency to think in binary terms: a court either has jurisdiction, in which case the matter will proceed (without further attention to the question of jurisdiction), or it does not, in which case the whole matter is at an end. Jurisdictional thinking invites attention to the need for those asserting such a claim to take responsibility for these claims to authority, encouraging responsiveness to the normative communities such claims put into relation and the potential need to rethink conventional modes of operation. The article proceeds in two parts. Part I examines the deficiencies in the dominant ‘legal source’ narrative on universal jurisdiction. Part II assesses the value of understanding the legal-political dimension of universal jurisdiction as a claim to authority that must be understood, and justified, with attention to its purpose and the community (or communities) it is intended to serve