Le monastère face aux laïques au haut Moyen Âge : lieux de culte secondaires et accueil aux limites de l’espace monastique dans le contexte italien

Hospitality for pauperes and peregrini represents a fundamental issue of the monastic life, involving both the material (food, lodging and health) and spiritual care. The study of the charity provided by monasteries is strongly connected with the definition of the monasterium, as in fact in written sources, is often linked to the word xenodochium; furthermore, the monasterium could reach boundaries much wider than the nucleous where monks live. Just at the edge of this space – the claustrum or a much bigger territory, perceived however as monasterium in every aspect – we can find specific complexes for social (and sometimes medical) services, in certain cases provided with secondary churches, distinct from the abbatial one.The paper studies, through some Early Middle Ages Italian cases and referring to written as well as archaeological sources, the topographical and functional choices connected to these structures. They appear sometimes thought for specific categories of people, such as women – who would not have had access to the claustrum in the male monasteries – or the distinguished guest, who, at least since the Carolingian Age, needed buildings provided with additional comfort.L’ospitalità verso i pauperes e i peregrini rappresenta un aspetto fondamentale della vita monastica, che coinvolge sia l’assistenza materiale (vitto e talora alloggio e cure mediche) sia quella spirituale. L’analisi delle forme di accoglienza praticate all’interno dei cenobi altomedievali si intreccia con il problema della definizione del monasterium quale entità che viene spesso ricordata dalle fonti scritte in stretta associazione alla termine xenodochium e che può assumere contorni spaziali anche molto più dilatati del nucleo claustrale in senso stretto.Proprio ai confini di tale spazio – sia esso quello circoscritto intorno al nucleo riservato ai monaci, sia quello ai margini di un territorio ben più ampio, considerato tuttavia monasterium a tutti gli effetti – sorgono spesso i poli destinati all’accoglienza, talora dotati di chiese diverse dall’abbaziale.L’articolo indaga, attraverso la presentazione di alcuni significativi casi italiani di età altomedievale e facendo riferimento alle fonti scritte e a quelle archeologiche, le scelte topografiche e funzionali legate a tali strutture, talora concepite a servizio di specifiche categorie di persone, come le donne – che non avrebbero avuto altrimenti accesso al claustrum dei monasteri maschili – oppure gli ospiti di alta estrazione sociale, che, almeno a partire dall’età carolingia, necessitavano di spazi di accoglienza dotati di maggiore comfort

Limites et enjeux spatiaux dans les monastères du haut Moyen Âge italien

Les limites du monasterium entre idéologie et réalité matérielle Les limites, idéologiques et matérielles, que définit la clôture, représentent une composante essentielle des monastères, comme en témoignent les sources écrites et quelques évidences archéologiques italiennes du haut Moyen Âge. C’est sur ces aspects que se concentre cette contribution, qui cherchera à tracer l’évolution de la notion de limite dans le monde monastique, une notion qui connaît des formes multiples, selon les conte..

Barrier Properties and Structural Study of Nanocomposite of HDPE/Montmorillonite Modified with Polyvinylalcohol

In this work was studied the permeation of CO2 in films of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and organoclay modified with polyvinylalcohol (MMTHDTMA/PVA) obtained frommelt blending. Permeation study showed that the incorporation of the modified organoclay generates a significant effect on the barrier properties of HDPE. When a load of 2wt% of MMTHDTMA/PVA was incorporated in the polymer matrix, the flow of CO2 decreased 43.7% compared to pure polyethylene.The results of TEM showed that clay layers were dispersed in the polymeric matrix, obtaining an exfoliated-structure nanocomposite. The thermal stability of nanocomposite was significantly enhanced with respect to the pristine HDPE. DSC results showed that the crystallinity was maintained as the pure polymericmatrix. Consequently, the decrease of permeability was attributable only to the effect of tortuosity generated by the dispersion ofMMTHDTMA/PVA. Notably the mechanical properties remain equal to those of pure polyethylene, but with an increase in barrier properties to CO2. This procedure allows obtaining nanocomposites of HDPE with a good barrierproperty to CO2 which would make it competitive in the use of packaging. with an increase in barrier properties to CO2. This procedure allows obtaining nanocomposites of HDPE with a good barrier property to CO2 which would make it competitive in the use of packaging.Fil: Carrera, María Celeste. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Salta. Instituto de Investigación Para la Industria Química (i); ArgentinaFil: Erdmann, Eleonora. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Salta. Instituto de Investigación Para la Industria Química (i); Argentina. Instituto Tecnologico de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Destefanis, Hugo Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Salta. Instituto de Investigación Para la Industria Química (i); Argentin

Effects of Preparation Methods of Organoclays with Polyvinyl Alcohol in their Compatibility with HDPE. Thermal Stability

In this paper, the effect of polyvinyl alcohol addition on organoclay obtained by in situ polymerization and subsequent alcoholysis of polyvinyl acetate is studied. The incorporation of the monomer is carried out following two procedures. The first is the incorporation of the monomer by direct contact between the monomer and the organoclay. The second procedure involves a first step of impregnating the organoclay with propyl alcohol and the subsequent incorporation of the monomer. Both procedures consist of the polymerization in situ via a free radical mechanism. PVA modified clays showed substantial improvements in thermal properties with respect to the organoclay (MMTHDTMA), corresponding to the greater stability to clay obtained by direct contact with the monomer, PVAMMT/HDTMA (VA). The clays prepared by both methodswere incorporated into a HDPE matrix by melt blending, to study the effect of the method of preparing the organoclay with PVA in the polymer/clay compatibility and the effect on their thermal properties. The material characterization techniques were performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal analysis (TG, DTG, DSC) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show a clear improvement in the HDPE thermal properties with the addition of organoclays containing PVA and allow a discussion of effect of preparation on compatibility and improved thermal properties.Fil: Carrera, María Celeste. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Salta. Instituto de Investigación Para la Industria Química (i); ArgentinaFil: Erdmann, Eleonora. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Salta. Instituto de Investigación Para la Industria Química (i); Argentina. Instituto Tecnologico de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Destefanis, Hugo Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Salta. Instituto de Investigación Para la Industria Química (i); Argentin

Improving barrier properties of HDPE using PVA as clay modifier

In this work it was prepared nanocomposites of high density polyethylene (HDPE) with different loads of modified organoclay with polyvinylalcohol (PVA). Modified organoclay was obtained by in situ polymerization of vinyl acetate with an organoclay and the nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending. The structure and morphology of nanocomposites were studied by XRD, SEM and TEM. The heat stability was measured by TGA and DSC. The barrier properties were evaluated by testing of cyclohexane pervaporation and the surface properties were obtained by determination from the contact angle using three solvents at ambient atmosphere. TEM results showed the different types of nanocomposite structures that were obtained with clay layers in the polymer matrix depending on the load of clay incorporated into the polymer matrix. The permeation experiments confirmed that the barrier properties evaluated by cyclohexane pervaporation were remarkably improved and increased in the thermal resistance for HDPE/ organoclay modified with PVA materials compared with pristine HDPE. Results from all studies showed that the addition of modified organoclay has changed the macroscopic properties of nanocomposites, as compared to that pure HDPE. This can be attributed to the different interaction of PVA with HDPE/filler.Fil: Carrera, María Celeste. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Salta. Instituto de Investigación Para la Industria Química (i); ArgentinaFil: Erdmann, Eleonora. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Salta. Instituto de Investigación Para la Industria Química (i); Argentina. Instituto Tecnologico de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Pastor, José María. Universidad de Valladolid. Escuela de Ingenierías Industriales. Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada; EspañaFil: Destefanis, Hugo Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Salta. Instituto de Investigación Para la Industria Química (i); Argentin

Ad portam monasterii. Accessi e spazi liminari nei monasteri dell’Occidente altomedievale (secoli VI-IX)

Il contributo indaga gli usi degli spazi liminari nei monasteri altomedievali, con particolare attenzione al recinto e alle aree periferiche nonch\ue9 agli accessi, nello specifico della chiesa abbaziale, quali spazi di diaframma al tempo stesso fisico e simbolico. Lo studio \ue8 condotto sulla base sia delle fonti scritte che di quelle archeologiche