Thriving Together: Conceptual and Methodological Considerations for Examining Thriving in Interdependent Sport

Despite conceptual advances and preliminary associations highlighting the benefits of thriving in sport, opportunities for continued research are numerous. Notably, sport-specific research involving thriving has predominantly taken an individual athlete perspective. Interestingly, evidence from the organisational domain suggests that thriving can manifest at a collective level through interdependent team member interactions. Given the potential for thriving to emerge as a higher-level phenomenon in interdependent sport, a critique of thriving at the group-level is advanced. More specifically, we provide a summary of existing individual athlete thriving literature and organisational thriving research at the group-level (Part 1), propose three approaches to conceptualising thriving in interdependent sport (i.e., common, team, and collective thriving) grounded in multilevel research (Part 2), pose guiding questions and key considerations for future exploration (Part 3), and conclude by emphasising the potential value of examining thriving as a higher-level construct for sport researchers and invested partners (Part 4)

Thriving Together: Conceptual and Methodological Considerations for Examining Thriving in Interdependent Sport

Despite conceptual advances and preliminary associations highlighting the benefits of thriving in sport, opportunities for continued research are numerous. Notably, sport-specific research involving thriving has predominantly taken an individual athlete perspective. Interestingly, evidence from the organisational domain suggests that thriving can manifest at a collective level through interdependent team member interactions. Given the potential for thriving to emerge as a higher-level phenomenon in interdependent sport, a critique of thriving at the group-level is advanced. More specifically, we provide a summary of existing individual athlete thriving literature and organisational thriving research at the group-level (Part 1), propose three approaches to conceptualising thriving in interdependent sport (i.e., common, team, and collective thriving) grounded in multilevel research (Part 2), pose guiding questions and key considerations for future exploration (Part 3), and conclude by emphasising the potential value of examining thriving as a higher-level construct for sport researchers and invested partners (Part 4)

Teamwork training in sport:A pilot intervention study

The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of a novel team building intervention that targets teamwork in sport. Using a 10-week pilot nonrandomized controlled intervention design, 12 interdependent sports teams comprising 187 athletes were assigned to one of two conditions: an experimental condition in which teams participated in two teamwork training sessions at Weeks 2 and 6 of the study (6 teams, 94 athletes) or a no-training control condition (6 teams, 93 athletes). Teamwork was measured at Weeks 1, 5, and 10 of the study. Overall, significant improvements in teamwork were shown for the experimental teams from baseline to Week 5; these effects were maintained through Week 10 of the study. In contrast, no significant changes in teamwork were observed for teams in the control condition over these 10 weeks. The results provide evidence that teamwork training can enhance the extent to which members of a sports team work effectively together

Centrality analysis for modified lattices

We derive new, exact expressions for network centrality vectors associated with classical Watts-Strogatz style "ring plus shortcut" networks. We also derive easy-to-interpret approximations that are highly accurate in the large network limit. The analysis helps us to understand the role of the Katz parameter and the PageRank parameter, to compare linear system and eigenvalue based centrality measures, and to predict the behavior of centrality measures on more complicated networks

Synthesis and asymmetric hydrogenation of (3E)-1-benzyl-3-[(2-oxopyridin-1(2H)-yl)methylidene]piperidine-2,6-dione

The synthesis of (3E)-1-benzyl-3-[(2-oxopyridin-1(2H)-yl)methylidene]piperidine-2,6-dione 4 from N-benzylglutarimide was achieved in three steps. The asymmetric hydrogenation of 4 gave either the product of partial reduction (10) or full reduction (13), depending on the catalyst which was employed, in high ee in each case. Attempts at asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) of 4 resulted in formation of a racemic product

Vertical transmission of HIV among pregnant women who initially had false–negative rapid HIV tests in four South African antenatal clinics

INTRODUCTION : There is a risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (MTCT) during pregnancy and breastfeeding. The aim of this study was to assess vertical transmission of HIV among pregnant women who initially had false–negative rapid HIV tests in South African antenatal care (ANC) clinics. METHODS : Pregnant participants were enrolled in a diagnostic study that used nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) to screen for early HIV infection among individuals who tested negative on rapid HIV tests used at the point-of-care (POC) facilities. Participants were enrolled from four ANC clinics in the Tshwane district of South Africa. All NAAT-positive participants were recalled to the clinics for further management. Vertical transmission was assessed among exposed infants whose HIV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results were available. RESULTS : This study enrolled 8208 pregnant participants who tested negative on rapid HIV tests between 2013 and 2016. Their median age was 26 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 23–30). NAAT detected HIV infections in 0.6% (n = 49; 95% confidence interval {CI}: 0.5–0.8) of all study participants. The distribution of these infections among the four clinics ranged from 0.3%– 1.1%, but this was not statistically significant (p = 0.07). Forty-seven participants (95.9%) were successfully recalled and referred for antiretroviral treatment initiation as part of prevention of MTCT (PMTCT). Most women with newly diagnosed HIV infection presented for the first ANC visit in the second (61.9%, n = 26) and third (31.0%, n = 13) trimesters. HIV PCR results were available for thirty-two infants, three of whom tested positive (9.4%; 95% CI: 1.98–25.02). CONCLUSIONS : This study showed that supplemental HIV testing for pregnant women led to earlier linkage to the PMTCT programme. Inaccurate diagnosis of HIV infection at ANC clinics is likely to undermine the efforts of eliminating MTCT particularly in HIV-endemic settings.S1 Table. Characteristics of participants diagnosed with early or chronic HIV infection. Initial tests were performed from samples obtained at enrolment (i.e. after a negative rapid HIV test result). HIV viral load (VL) tests were performed first to screen for HIV infection, and all the serology tests were performed later. Follow-up (F/U) VL was only performed for participants who had an initial VL <5000 copies/ml [16]. Pt ID = participant’s study identity, F = female, gen = generation, ELISA = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, W. Blot = Western Blot, LAg = limiting antigen, Insuf = insufficient, LT = long term (chronic) infection, --- = not available (participant did not return for follow-up), + = positive,— = negative. Units: HIV VL = copies/ml; p24 antigen = cut-off index (COI); Genscreen ELISA = sample cut-off (S/CO); LAg avidity = normalized optical density (OD-n); LAg avidity <1.5 OD-n = early infection; LAg avidity >1.5 OD-n = LT (chronic) infection. ¥ = participant 6738 was previously misclassified as having chronic infection [16], but testing on her follow-up sample revealed low avidity antibodies consistent with early infection; this was confirmed on repeat testing of 6738 sample. P24 antigen, W. Blot and F/U LAg were not performed for the last participants identified with newly diagnosed HIV infection owing to cost limitations. This also applies to the F/U VL for participant 1692, as this was supposed to have been performed according to the diagnostic study protocol [14].This work was supported by SHM - South African Medical Research Council – Self Initiated Research (SA MRC-SIR) grant; SHM - Discovery Foundation grant; SHM - Hamilton Naki Clinical Scholarship; and TCQ - The Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH.SHM - South African Medical Research Council – Self Initiated Research (SA MRC-SIR) grant; SHM - Discovery Foundation grant; SHM - Hamilton Naki Clinical Scholarship; and TCQ - The Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH.http://www.plosone.orgam2020Internal Medicin

Vertical transmission of HIV among pregnant women who initially had false–negative rapid HIV tests in four South African antenatal clinics

INTRODUCTION : There is a risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (MTCT) during pregnancy and breastfeeding. The aim of this study was to assess vertical transmission of HIV among pregnant women who initially had false–negative rapid HIV tests in South African antenatal care (ANC) clinics. METHODS : Pregnant participants were enrolled in a diagnostic study that used nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) to screen for early HIV infection among individuals who tested negative on rapid HIV tests used at the point-of-care (POC) facilities. Participants were enrolled from four ANC clinics in the Tshwane district of South Africa. All NAAT-positive participants were recalled to the clinics for further management. Vertical transmission was assessed among exposed infants whose HIV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results were available. RESULTS : This study enrolled 8208 pregnant participants who tested negative on rapid HIV tests between 2013 and 2016. Their median age was 26 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 23–30). NAAT detected HIV infections in 0.6% (n = 49; 95% confidence interval {CI}: 0.5–0.8) of all study participants. The distribution of these infections among the four clinics ranged from 0.3%– 1.1%, but this was not statistically significant (p = 0.07). Forty-seven participants (95.9%) were successfully recalled and referred for antiretroviral treatment initiation as part of prevention of MTCT (PMTCT). Most women with newly diagnosed HIV infection presented for the first ANC visit in the second (61.9%, n = 26) and third (31.0%, n = 13) trimesters. HIV PCR results were available for thirty-two infants, three of whom tested positive (9.4%; 95% CI: 1.98–25.02). CONCLUSIONS : This study showed that supplemental HIV testing for pregnant women led to earlier linkage to the PMTCT programme. Inaccurate diagnosis of HIV infection at ANC clinics is likely to undermine the efforts of eliminating MTCT particularly in HIV-endemic settings.S1 Table. Characteristics of participants diagnosed with early or chronic HIV infection. Initial tests were performed from samples obtained at enrolment (i.e. after a negative rapid HIV test result). HIV viral load (VL) tests were performed first to screen for HIV infection, and all the serology tests were performed later. Follow-up (F/U) VL was only performed for participants who had an initial VL <5000 copies/ml [16]. Pt ID = participant’s study identity, F = female, gen = generation, ELISA = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, W. Blot = Western Blot, LAg = limiting antigen, Insuf = insufficient, LT = long term (chronic) infection, --- = not available (participant did not return for follow-up), + = positive,— = negative. Units: HIV VL = copies/ml; p24 antigen = cut-off index (COI); Genscreen ELISA = sample cut-off (S/CO); LAg avidity = normalized optical density (OD-n); LAg avidity <1.5 OD-n = early infection; LAg avidity >1.5 OD-n = LT (chronic) infection. ¥ = participant 6738 was previously misclassified as having chronic infection [16], but testing on her follow-up sample revealed low avidity antibodies consistent with early infection; this was confirmed on repeat testing of 6738 sample. P24 antigen, W. Blot and F/U LAg were not performed for the last participants identified with newly diagnosed HIV infection owing to cost limitations. This also applies to the F/U VL for participant 1692, as this was supposed to have been performed according to the diagnostic study protocol [14].This work was supported by SHM - South African Medical Research Council – Self Initiated Research (SA MRC-SIR) grant; SHM - Discovery Foundation grant; SHM - Hamilton Naki Clinical Scholarship; and TCQ - The Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH.SHM - South African Medical Research Council – Self Initiated Research (SA MRC-SIR) grant; SHM - Discovery Foundation grant; SHM - Hamilton Naki Clinical Scholarship; and TCQ - The Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH.http://www.plosone.orgam2020Internal Medicin

Circulation first – the time has come to question the sequencing of care in the ABCs of trauma; an American Association for the Surgery of Trauma multicenter trial

Background The traditional sequence of trauma care: Airway, Breathing, Circulation (ABC) has been practiced for many years. It became the standard of care despite the lack of scientific evidence. We hypothesized that patients in hypovolemic shock would have comparable outcomes with initiation of bleeding treatment (transfusion) prior to intubation (CAB), compared to those patients treated with the traditional ABC sequence. Methods This study was sponsored by the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma multicenter trials committee. We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients that presented to trauma centers with presumptive hypovolemic shock indicated by pre-hospital or emergency department hypotension and need for intubation from January 1, 2014 to July 1, 2016. Data collected included demographics, timing of intubation, vital signs before and after intubation, timing of the blood transfusion initiation related to intubation, and outcomes. Results From 440 patients that met inclusion criteria, 245 (55.7%) received intravenous blood product resuscitation first (CAB), and 195 (44.3%) were intubated before any resuscitation was started (ABC). There was no difference in ISS, mechanism, or comorbidities. Those intubated prior to receiving transfusion had a lower GCS than those with transfusion initiation prior to intubation (ABC: 4, CAB:9, p = 0.005). Although mortality was high in both groups, there was no statistically significant difference (CAB 47% and ABC 50%). In multivariate analysis, initial SBP and initial GCS were the only independent predictors of death. Conclusion The current study highlights that many trauma centers are already initiating circulation first prior to intubation when treating hypovolemic shock (CAB), even in patients with a low GCS. This practice was not associated with an increased mortality. Further prospective investigation is warranted. Trial registration IRB approval number: HM20006627. Retrospective trial not registered

Structural correlates of semantic and phonemic fluency ability in first and second languages

Category and letter fluency tasks are commonly used clinically to investigate the semantic and phonological processes central to speech production, but the neural correlates of these processes are difficult to establish with functional neuroimaging because of the relatively unconstrained nature of the tasks. This study investigated whether differential performance on semantic (category) and phonemic (letter) fluency in neurologically normal participants was reflected in regional gray matter density. The participants were 59 highly proficient speakers of 2 languages. Our findings corroborate the importance of the left inferior temporal cortex in semantic relative to phonemic fluency and show this effect to be the same in a first language (L1) and second language (L2). Additionally, we show that the pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) and head of caudate bilaterally are associated with phonemic more than semantic fluency, and this effect is stronger for L2 than L1 in the caudate nuclei. To further validate these structural results, we reanalyzed previously reported functional data and found that pre-SMA and left caudate activation was higher for phonemic than semantic fluency. On the basis of our findings, we also predict that lesions to the pre-SMA and caudate nuclei may have a greater impact on phonemic than semantic fluency, particularly in L2 speakers