Growth limiting conditions and denitrification govern extent and frequency of volume detachment of biofilms

This study aims at evaluating the mechanisms of biofilm detachment with regard of the physical properties of the biofilm. Biofilms were developed in Couette–Taylor reactor under controlled hydrodynamic conditions and under different environmental growth conditions. Five different conditions were tested and lead to the formation of two aerobic heterotrophic biofilms (aeHB1 and aeHB2), a mixed autotrophic and heterotrophic biofilm (MAHB) and two anoxic heterotrophic biofilms (anHB1 and anHB2). Biofilm detachment was evaluated by monitoring the size of the detached particles (using light-scattering) as well as the biofilm physical properties (using CCD camera and image analysis). Results indicate that volume erosion of large biofilm particles with size ranging from 50 to 500 lm dominated the biomass loss for all biofilms. Surface erosion of small particles with size lower than 20 lm dominates biofilm detachment in number. The extent of the volume detachment events was governed by the size of the biofilm surface heterogeneities (i.e., the absolute biofilm roughness) but never impacted more than 80% of the mean biofilm thickness due to the highly cohesive basal layer. Anoxic biofilms were smoother and thinner than aerobic biofilms and thus associated with the detachment of smaller particles. Our results contradict the simplifying assumption of surface detachment that is considered in many biofilm models and suggest that discrete volume events should be considered

Analyse de la compétition microbienne entre bactéries autotrophes et\ud hétérotrophes au sein d'un biofilm éliminant l'azote

Les procédés à biomasse fixée sont utilisés pour la dégradation simultanée des pollutions carbonées et azotées. Cette biodégradation est basée sur le fonctionnement d’un consortium bactérien complexe, composé de bactéries autotrophes et hétérotrophes, associées sous forme de biofilm. La coexistence de ces deux populations résulte d’un phénomène de compétition pour leurs substrats communs (oxygène et azote) et pour l’espace. Elle est à l’origine de nombreux disfonctionnements des réacteurs, et les mécanismes qui la gouvernent ne sont aujourd’hui pas clairement identifiés. A cet effet, trois aspects ont été abordés dans ce travail : (i) le développement d’un modèle de croissance, (ii) la caractérisation du détachement et son influence sur la compétition, (iii) et l’analyse de l’impact des conditions de croissance sur la compétition. \ud \ud Les principaux résultats sont les suivants :\ud  Un modèle 1-D qualitatif, dont la structure permet de prédire les dynamiques de populations et les performances épuratoires du système biofilm, a été développé. Ce modèle est multi-espèces et multi-substrats. Un détachement surfacique continu est initialement considéré.\ud  Une étude expérimentale du détachement a été réalisée. Différents biofilms ont été développés sous des conditions environnementales variées et contrastées, au sein de réacteurs de Couette-Taylor. L’érosion a été redéfinie comme le couplage entre un détachement surfacique continu de petites particules et des évènements volumiques dynamiques détachant de larges particules. \ud  A l’aide du modèle, différents modes de détachement, en termes de fractions d’épaisseurs détachées et de fréquences d’évènements, ont été testés. Le mode de détachement fixe la croissance hétérotrophique à la surface du biofilm, et par conséquent la disponibilité de l’oxygène dans les couches internes du biofilm. Si l’oxygène est limitant, la croissance des bactéries autotrophes est limitée voire impossible. Le mode de détachement, associé au degré de limitation en oxygène, gouverne donc directement les capacités de coexistence entre les différentes populations fonctionnelles.\ud  Différentes observations expérimentales, réalisées sous des conditions de limitation en oxygène, démontrent cependant que l’avantage accordé par le modèle à la croissance hétérotrophique est surestimé. L’hypothèse d’une dénitrification au sein de clusters anoxiques denses, présents dans la zone aérobie du biofilm, a été émise. Des phénomènes de « détachement spécifique des bactéries hétérotrophes » et de « convection particulaire » ont été évalués à l’aide du modèle. Ces deux processus, en limitant l’activité exogène hétérotrophique à la surface du biofilm, ont un impact favorable sur la croissance autotrophique.\ud \ud Une stratification stricte des fonctionnalités est régulièrement prédite par les modèles 1-D qui considèrent une représentation simplifiée des phénomènes biologiques et physiques. Cette étude soulève finalement l’interrogation suivante : Cette stratification stricte ne fausse-t-elle pas la prédiction du résultat de la compétition entre bactéries autotrophes et hétérotrophes sous certaines conditions ? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Biofim reactors are used in wastewater treatment for simultaneous COD and nitrogen removal. This biological process is based on a complex bacterial consortium, composed of both autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria, associated in “biofilm”. The coexistence of these populations results of a microbial competition for both the substrates and the space. This microbial competition potentially leads to process failures as decreases of the removal rates, and thus its mechanisms must be understood. In this way, the objectives of this work were: (i) to develop a model of biofilm growth, (ii) to characterize the detachment mode and its impact on the competition, (iii) and to analyze the impact of the environmental growth conditions on the competition.\ud The main results of this work are the following:\ud  A 1-D biofilm model, since the structure allows predicting population dynamics and the biofilm reactor performances, was developed. This is a multi-species and multi-substrates model, which assumes a continuous surface detachment.\ud  An experimental study of the detachment mode was performed. Different biofilms were grown under different various and contrasted growth conditions in Couette-Taylor Reactors. Erosion process was defined as a continuous surface detachment of small particles coupled with dynamic volume events detaching large particles.\ud  Using the model, different detachment modes in terms of fraction of biofilm thickness detached and in terms of frequency were tested. The dynamic volume events determine the heterotrophic growth at the biofilm surface, and thus the availability of oxygen inside the biofilm. If oxygen is limiting in the inner zone of the biofilm, the autotrophic growth is limited or impossible. By impacting the oxygen availability, the dynamic volume events consequently govern the result of the autotrophic-heterotrophic competition. \ud  Under oxygen-limiting conditions, the comparison between numerical and experimental results shows that a simple 1-D model overpredicts the advantage of the heterotrophic growth. The impact of more complex processes on autotrophic-heterotrophic coexistence was thus evaluated. Specific heterotrophic detachment and particulate convection were shown to favour the autotrophic growth and thus the autotrophic-heterotrophic coexistence.\ud \ud Finally, 1-D models considering simple biological and physical processes leads to a strict stratification of the functionalities. The following question is highlighted by this work: Is the strict stratification of the microbial functionalities predicted by simple 1-D model can potentially change the result of the autotrophic-heterotrophic competition? \ud \u

Activity of metazoa governs biofilm structure formation and enhances permeate flux during Gravity-Driven Membrane (GDM) filtration

The impact of different feed waters in terms of eukaryotic populations and organic carbon content on the biofilm structure formation and permeate flux during Gravity-Driven Membrane (GDM) filtration was investigated in this study. GDM filtration was performed at ultra-low pressure (65 mbar) in dead-end mode without control of the biofilm formation. Different feed waters were tested (River water, pre-treated river water, lake water, and tap water) and varied with regard to their organic substrate content and their predator community. River water was manipulated either by chemically inhibiting all eukaryotes or by filtering out macrozoobenthos (metazoan organisms). The structure of the biofilm was characterized at the meso- and micro-scale using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM), respectively. Based on Total Organic Carbon (TOC) measurements, the river waters provided the highest potential for bacterial growth whereas tap water had the lowest. An increasing content in soluble and particulate organic substrate resulted in increasing biofilm accumulation on membrane surface. However, enhanced biofilm accumulation did not result in lower flux values and permeate flux was mainly influenced by the structure of the biofilm. Metazoan organisms (in particular nematodes and oligochaetes) built-up protective habitats, which resulted in the formation of open and spatially heterogeneous biofilms composed of biomass patches. In the absence of predation by metazoan organisms, a flat and compact biofilm developed. It is concluded that the activity of metazoan organisms in natural river water and its impact on biofilm structure balances the detrimental effect of a high biofilm accumulation, thus allowing for a broader application of GDM filtration. Finally, our results suggest that for surface waters with high particulate organic carbon (POC) content, the use of worms is suitable to enhance POC removal before ultrafiltration units

360-degree Video Stitching for Dual-fisheye Lens Cameras Based On Rigid Moving Least Squares

Dual-fisheye lens cameras are becoming popular for 360-degree video capture, especially for User-generated content (UGC), since they are affordable and portable. Images generated by the dual-fisheye cameras have limited overlap and hence require non-conventional stitching techniques to produce high-quality 360x180-degree panoramas. This paper introduces a novel method to align these images using interpolation grids based on rigid moving least squares. Furthermore, jitter is the critical issue arising when one applies the image-based stitching algorithms to video. It stems from the unconstrained movement of stitching boundary from one frame to another. Therefore, we also propose a new algorithm to maintain the temporal coherence of stitching boundary to provide jitter-free 360-degree videos. Results show that the method proposed in this paper can produce higher quality stitched images and videos than prior work.Comment: Preprint versio

Influence of Wastewater Composition on Microbial Communities of Aerobic Granules and their Nutrient Removal Performances

ABSTRACT Basic understanding of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) processes has mainly been obtained in laboratory-scale studies with simple synthetic wastewaters. Two approaches were applied here to make a step toward the comprehension of AGS systems treating real municipal wastewater. One approach consisted in increasing the complexity of the influent composition of an AGS sequencing batch reactor (SBR) fed with volatile fatty acids, the other in starting up four AGS SBRs with four different wastewaters. Nutrient removal could be maintained in the first approach and indications for a change in the population responsible for biological phosphorous removal were obtained (P-removal). The four reactors started up with different wastewaters showed different granulation behaviour and P-removal was impaired in the reactors fed with municipal wastewater. More detailed investigations of the microbial communities will allow to elucidate the reasons behind the observations made in this preliminary study

Source Community and Assembly Processes Affect the Efficiency of Microbial Microcystin Degradation on Drinking Water Filtration Membranes

Microbial biofilms in gravity-driven membrane (GDM) filtration systems can efficiently degrade the cyanotoxin microcystin (MC), but it is unclear if this function depends on the presence of MC-producing cyanobacteria in the source water habitat. We assessed the removal of MC from added Microcystis aeruginosa biomass in GDMs fed with water from a lake with regular blooms of toxic cyanobacteria (ExpL) or from a stream without such background (ExpS). While initial MC removal was exclusively due to abiotic processes, significantly higher biological MC removal was observed in ExpL. By contrast, there was no difference in MC degradation capacity between lake and stream bacteria in separately conducted liquid enrichments on pure MC. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed a pronounced modularity of the biofilm communities, with a clear hierarchic distinction according to feed water origin and treatment type. Genotypes in the network modules associated with ExpS had significantly more links to each other, indicating that these biofilms had assembled from a more coherent source community. In turn, signals for stochastic community assembly were stronger in ExpL biofilms. We propose that the less “tightly knit” ExpL biofilm assemblages allowed for the better establishment of facultatively MC degrading bacteria, and thus for higher overall functional efficiency

Biodegradation of microcystins during gravity-driven membrane (GDM) ultrafiltration

Gravity-driven membrane (GDM) ultrafiltration systems require little maintenance: they operate without electricity at ultra-low pressure in dead-end mode and without control of the biofilm formation. These systems are already in use for water purification in some regions of the world where adequate treatment and distribution of drinking water is not readily available. However, many water bodies worldwide exhibit harmful blooms of cyanobacteria that severely lower the water quality due to the production of toxic microcystins (MCs). We studied the performance of a GDM system during an artificial Microcystis aeruginosa bloom in lake water and its simulated collapse (i.e., the massive release of microcystins) over a period of 21 days. Presence of live or destroyed cyanobacterial cells in the feed water decreased the permeate flux in the Microcystis treatments considerably. At the same time, the microbial biofilms on the filter membranes could successfully reduce the amount of microcystins in the filtrate below the critical threshold concentration of 1 µg L(-1) MC for human consumption in three out of four replicates after 15 days. We found pronounced differences in the composition of bacterial communities of the biofilms on the filter membranes. Bacterial genera that could be related to microcystin degradation substantially enriched in the biofilms amended with microcystin-containing cyanobacteria. In addition to bacteria previously characterized as microcystin degraders, members of other bacterial clades potentially involved in MC degradation could be identified

Analyse de la compétition microbienne entre bactéries autolotrophes et hétérotrophes au sein d'un biofilm éliminant l'azote

TOULOUSE-INSA (315552106) / SudocSudocFranceF