93 research outputs found
The SILCC (SImulating the LifeCycle of molecular Clouds) project: I. Chemical evolution of the supernova-driven ISM
The SILCC project (SImulating the Life-Cycle of molecular Clouds) aims at a
more self-consistent understanding of the interstellar medium (ISM) on small
scales and its link to galaxy evolution. We simulate the evolution of the
multi-phase ISM in a 500 pc x 500 pc x 10 kpc region of a galactic disc, with a
gas surface density of .
The Flash 4.1 simulations include an external potential, self-gravity, magnetic
fields, heating and radiative cooling, time-dependent chemistry of H and CO
considering (self-) shielding, and supernova (SN) feedback. We explore SN
explosions at different (fixed) rates in high-density regions (peak), in random
locations (random), in a combination of both (mixed), or clustered in space and
time (clustered). Only random or clustered models with self-gravity (which
evolve similarly) are in agreement with observations. Molecular hydrogen forms
in dense filaments and clumps and contributes 20% - 40% to the total mass,
whereas most of the mass (55% - 75%) is in atomic hydrogen. The ionised gas
contributes <10%. For high SN rates (0.5 dex above Kennicutt-Schmidt) as well
as for peak and mixed driving the formation of H is strongly suppressed.
Also without self-gravity the H fraction is significantly lower (
5%). Most of the volume is filled with hot gas (90% within 2 kpc).
Only for random or clustered driving, a vertically expanding warm component of
atomic hydrogen indicates a fountain flow. Magnetic fields have little impact
on the final disc structure. However, they affect dense gas () and delay H formation. We highlight that individual chemical
species, in particular atomic hydrogen, populate different ISM phases and
cannot be accurately accounted for by simple temperature-/density-based phase
cut-offs.Comment: 30 pages, 23 figures, submitted to MNRAS. Comments welcome! For
movies of the simulations and download of selected Flash data see the SILCC
website: http://www.astro.uni-koeln.de/silc
The SILCC project: III. Regulation of star formation and outflows by stellar winds and supernovae
We study the impact of stellar winds and supernovae on the multi-phase
interstellar medium using three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations carried
out with FLASH. The selected galactic disc region has a size of (500 pc) x
5 kpc and a gas surface density of 10 M/pc. The simulations
include an external stellar potential and gas self-gravity, radiative cooling
and diffuse heating, sink particles representing star clusters, stellar winds
from these clusters which combine the winds from indi- vidual massive stars by
following their evolution tracks, and subsequent supernova explosions. Dust and
gas (self-)shielding is followed to compute the chemical state of the gas with
a chemical network. We find that stellar winds can regulate star (cluster)
formation. Since the winds suppress the accretion of fresh gas soon after the
cluster has formed, they lead to clusters which have lower average masses
(10 - 10 M) and form on shorter timescales (10 -
10 Myr). In particular we find an anti-correlation of cluster mass and
accretion time scale. Without winds the star clusters easily grow to larger
masses for ~5 Myr until the first supernova explodes. Overall the most massive
stars provide the most wind energy input, while objects beginning their
evolution as B-type stars contribute most of the supernova energy input. A
significant outflow from the disk (mass loading 1 at 1 kpc) can be
launched by thermal gas pressure if more than 50% of the volume near the disc
mid-plane can be heated to T > 3x10 K. Stellar winds alone cannot create a
hot volume-filling phase. The models which are in best agreement with observed
star formation rates drive either no outflows or weak outflows.Comment: 23 pages; submitted to MNRA
Secondary acute leukemia following mitoxantrone-based high-dose chemotherapy for primary breast cancer patients
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Monotherapy with pixantrone in histologically confirmed relapsed or refractory aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma: post-hoc analyses from a phase III trial.
This post hoc analysis of a phase 3 trial explored the effect of pixantrone in patients (50 pixantrone, 47 comparator) with relapsed or refractory aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) confirmed by centralized histological review. Patients received 28-d cycles of 85 mg/m(2) pixantrone dimaleate (equivalent to 50 mg/m(2) in the approved formulation) on days 1, 8 and 15, or comparator. The population was subdivided according to previous rituximab use and whether they received the study treatment as 3rd or 4th line. Median number of cycles was 4 (range, 2-6) with pixantrone and 3 (2-6) with comparator. In 3rd or 4th line, pixantrone was associated with higher complete response (CR) (23·1% vs. 5·1% comparator, P = 0·047) and overall response rate (ORR, 43·6% vs. 12·8%, P = 0·005). In 3rd or 4th line with previous rituximab (20 pixantrone, 18 comparator), pixantrone produced better ORR (45·0% vs. 11·1%, P = 0·033), CR (30·0% vs. 5·6%, P = 0·093) and progression-free survival (median 5·4 vs. 2·8 months, hazard ratio 0·52, 95% confidence interval 0·26-1·04) than the comparator. Similar results were found in patients without previous rituximab. There were no unexpected safety issues. Pixantrone monotherapy is more effective than comparator in relapsed or refractory aggressive B-cell NHL in the 3rd or 4th line setting, independently of previous rituximab
Lower Critical Dimension of Ising Spin Glasses
Exact ground states of two-dimensional Ising spin glasses with Gaussian and
bimodal (+- J) distributions of the disorder are calculated using a
``matching'' algorithm, which allows large system sizes of up to N=480^2 spins
to be investigated. We study domain walls induced by two rather different types
of boundary-condition changes, and, in each case, analyze the system-size
dependence of an appropriately defined ``defect energy'', which we denote by
DE. For Gaussian disorder, we find a power-law behavior DE ~ L^\theta, with
\theta=-0.266(2) and \theta=-0.282(2) for the two types of boundary condition
changes. These results are in reasonable agreement with each other, allowing
for small systematic effects. They also agree well with earlier work on smaller
sizes. The negative value indicates that two dimensions is below the lower
critical dimension d_c. For the +-J model, we obtain a different result, namely
the domain-wall energy saturates at a nonzero value for L\to \infty, so \theta
= 0, indicating that the lower critical dimension for the +-J model exactly
d_c=2.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, revte
The SILCC (SImulating the LifeCycle of molecular Clouds) project - I. Chemical evolution of the supernova-driven ISM
The SILCC (SImulating the Life-Cycle of molecular Clouds) project aims to self-consistently understand the small-scale structure of the interstellar medium (ISM) and its link to galaxy evolution. We simulate the evolution of the multiphase ISM in a (500pc)2×±5kpc region of a galactic disc, with a gas surface density of . The flash 4 simulations include an external potential, self-gravity, magnetic fields, heating and radiative cooling, time-dependent chemistry of H2 and CO considering (self-) shielding, and supernova (SN) feedback but omit shear due to galactic rotation. We explore SN explosions at different rates in high-density regions (peak), in random locations with a Gaussian distribution in the vertical direction (random), in a combination of both (mixed), or clustered in space and time (clus/clus2). Only models with self-gravity and a significant fraction of SNe that explode in low-density gas are in agreement with observations. Without self-gravity and in models with peak driving the formation of H2 is strongly suppressed. For decreasing SN rates, the H2 mass fraction increases significantly from<10 per cent for high SN rates, i.e. 0.5 dex above Kennicutt-Schmidt, to 70-85 per cent for low SN rates, i.e. 0.5 dex below KS. For an intermediate SN rate, clustered driving results in slightly more H2 than random driving due to the more coherent compression of the gas in larger bubbles. Magnetic fields have little impact on the final disc structure but affect the dense gas (n≳10 cm−3) and delay H2 formation. Most of the volume is filled with hot gas (∼80 per cent within ±150pc). For all but peak driving a vertically expanding warm component of atomic hydrogen indicates a fountain flow. We highlight that individual chemical species populate different ISM phases and cannot be accurately modelled with temperature-/density-based phase cut-off
Simulation of the Zero Temperature Behavior of a 3-Dimensional Elastic Medium
We have performed numerical simulation of a 3-dimensional elastic medium,
with scalar displacements, subject to quenched disorder. We applied an
efficient combinatorial optimization algorithm to generate exact ground states
for an interface representation. Our results indicate that this Bragg glass is
characterized by power law divergences in the structure factor . We have found numerically consistent values of the coefficient for
two lattice discretizations of the medium, supporting universality for in
the isotropic systems considered here. We also examine the response of the
ground state to the change in boundary conditions that corresponds to
introducing a single dislocation loop encircling the system. Our results
indicate that the domain walls formed by this change are highly convoluted,
with a fractal dimension . We also discuss the implications of the
domain wall energetics for the stability of the Bragg glass phase. As in other
disordered systems, perturbations of relative strength introduce a new
length scale beyond which the perturbed ground
state becomes uncorrelated with the reference (unperturbed) ground state. We
have performed scaling analysis of the response of the ground state to the
perturbations and obtain . This value is consistent with the
scaling relation , where characterizes the
scaling of the energy fluctuations of low energy excitations.Comment: 20 pages, 13 figure
No spin-glass transition in the "mobile-bond" model
The recently introduced ``mobile-bond'' model for two-dimensional spin
glasses is studied. The model is characterized by an annealing temperature T_q.
On the basis of Monte Carlo simulations of small systems it has been claimed
that this model exhibits a non-trivial spin-glass transition at finite
temperature for small values of T_q.
Here the model is studied by means of exact ground-state calculations of
large systems up to N=256^2. The scaling of domain-wall energies is
investigated as a function of the system size. For small values T_q<0.95 the
system behaves like a (gauge-transformed) ferromagnet having a small fraction
of frustrated plaquettes. For T_q>=0.95 the system behaves like the standard
two-dimensional +-J spin-glass, i.e. it does NOT exhibit a phase transition at
T>0.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures, RevTe
A memetic algorithm for a multi-objective obnoxious waste location-routing problem : a case study
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