Combining QTL mapping and transcriptomics to decipher the genetic architecture of phenolic compounds metabolism in the conifer white spruce

Conifer forests worldwide are becoming increasingly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Although the production of phenolic compounds (PCs) has been shown to be modulated by biotic and abiotic stresses, the genetic basis underlying the variation in their constitutive production level remains poorly documented in conifers. We used QTL mapping and RNA-Seq to explore the complex polygenic network underlying the constitutive production of PCs in a white spruce (Picea glauca) full-sib family for 2 years. QTL detection was performed for nine PCs and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between individuals with high and low PC contents for five PCs exhibiting stable QTLs across time. A total of 17 QTLs were detected for eightmetabolites, including one major QTL explaining up to 91.3% of the neolignan-2 variance. The RNA-Seq analysis highlighted 50 DEGs associated with phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, several key transcription factors, and a subset of 137 genes showing opposite expression patterns in individuals with high levels of the flavonoids gallocatechin and taxifolin glucoside. A total of 19 DEGs co-localized with QTLs. Our findings represent a significant step toward resolving the genomic architecture of PC production in spruce and facilitate the functional characterization of genes and transcriptional networks responsible for differences in constitutive production of PCs in conifers.National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Spruce-Up LSARP project with funding from Genome Canada and Genome Quebec and Genomics Research and Development Initiative of Canada.http://www.frontiersin.org/Plant_Scienceam2022Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI)Zoology and Entomolog

1983-1984 : des changements dans la nature des embauches

[fre] 1983-1984 : . des changements dans . la nature des embauches . Daniel Depardieu . et Marie-Claire Laulhé . Dénombrer les salariés et les chômeurs ne suffît pas pour décrire le marché du travail et comprendre son fonctionnement. La connaissance de la rotation de la main-d'œuvre dans les établissements et de ses causes serait très précieuse. Un pas est fait dans cette direction grâce à une exploitation approfondie, depuis 1983 et dans dix régions, des Déclarations de mouvements de main-d'œuvre des établissements de 50 salariés et plus. . Pour 1 000 travailleurs présents en début d'année, on compte en 1984, 194 entrées, dont 55 embauches fermes. En 1983, ce dernier taux était de 73, alors que la réduction du nombre des emplois était du même ordre qu'en 1984; mais l'écart est dû en grande partie aux contrats de solidarité. Les deux années, on a recensé moins de sorties que d'entrées liées à des contrats à durée déterminée : certains de ces contrats sont transformés en embauches fermes. [eng] 1983-1984 : changes in the nature of hiring . Daniel Depardieu and Marie-Claire Laulhé . Calculating the number of wage-earners and unemployed is not enough to describe the job market or to understand the way it functions. Knowledge of labor turnover in firms and its causes would be very precious. One step has been taken in this direction thanks to an in-depth examination of the Declarations of labor changes in firms of 50 wage-earners or more, since 1983 and in ten regions. . For 1 000 workers present at the beginning of the year, in 1984 194 entries into activity could be counted, of which 55 were permanent. In 1983, that rate was 73, while the reduction in the number of jobs was on the same order as in 1984; but the difference is due in great measure to early retirement. In both years, fewer departures than entries linked to contracts for a limited length of time were counted. Some of these contracts were transformed into permanent jobs. [spa] 1983-1984 : Cambios acaecidos en la naturaleza de las contratas . Daniel Depardieu / Marie-Claire Laulhé . Hacer el recuento de los asalariados y de los desocupados no basta para describir el mercado laboral y para entender su funcionamiento. El conocer la rotaciôn de la fuerza laboral en las empresas y sus causas serf a sumamente provechoso. Algo se adelantô en este sentido gracias a una explotaciôn profundizada, desde 1983 y en diez regiones, de las Declaraciones de movimientos de fuerza laboral en las empresas de 50 y mâs asalariados. Por 1 000 trabajadores présentes a primeras de anos, e recontaba en 1984, 194 entradas, de las cuales 55 contratas fijas. En 1983, esta ultima tasa era de 73, mientras que la aminoraciôn del numéro de empleos era parecida a la de 1984 : mas este descarte es imputable mayormente a los contratos de solidaridad. Durante ambos anos se recontô menos bajas que contratas vinculadas con contratos de deter- minada duradôn : algunos de dichos contratos remataron en contratas fijas.

Short-term response to waterlogging in Quercus petraea and Quercus robur: a study of the root hydraulic responses and the transcriptional pattern of aquaporins

International audienceWe characterized the short-term response to waterlogging in Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. and Quercus robur L. as the initial response towards their known long-term differences in tolerance to waterlogging. One-month old seedlings were subjected to hypoxic stress and leaf gas exchange, shoot water potential (Psi(s)) and root hydraulic conductivity (Lp(r)) were measured. In parallel, the expression of nine aquaporins (AQPs) along the primary root was analysed by quantitative RT-PCR. Results showed a similar reduction in net assimilation (A) and stomatal conductance (g(s)) for the two species. Notably, the response of Lpr differed temporally between the two species. Q. robur seedlings exhibited a significant early decline of Lpr within the first 5 h that returned to control levels after 48 h, whereas Q. petraea seedlings showed a delayed response with a significant decrease of Lp(r) exhibited only after 48 h. Transcriptional profiling revealed that three genes (PIP1;3, TIP2;1 and TIP2;2) were differentially regulated under stress conditions in the two oak species. Taken together, these results suggested species-specific responses to short-term waterlogging in terms of root water transport

Ethnology and historical anthropology

Historical anthropology as a relatively independent science discipline has been found quite not a long time ago. However, its foundations can be observed much farther away to the past. One of the most important moments there was an application of the anthropological procedures onto historical research. Nevertheless, Historical anthropology is still pursued by historians rather than anthropologists. This work (studies) is interested in how Ethnology as an anthropological discipline may be of assistance to the Historical anthropology. It is trying to evaluate previous procedures in Historical anthropology which should now on result from an ethnological perspective

Effect of substrate type on average total yield, marketable yield, fruit quality parameters and final leaf dry mass.

<p>(Fall 2012, 18 harvests: from March 23th, 2012 to May 2^nd, 2012). Two fertilizer rates were tested, with the second fertilizer rate (F2) at concentration twice that of F1. Different letters indicate significant differences at P = 0.05.</p

Chemical properties and nutrients contents of substrate solution extracts were obtained by using a suction lysimeter during six treatments including those with CF, AB and PS25 substrates and two fertilizer programs (F1, F2).

<p>Means (n = 15) and SD are presented. Multiple comparisons were performed using the protected Fisher's <i>LSD</i> test, following one-way mixed model ANOVA. Significant levels of the <i>post hoc</i> test results are indicated by letters. Cations and anions were quantified after 20, 40, 62 and 83 d after planting in three independent blocks. The P-values obtained from the generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) used to fit the data are reported for the substrate (S), fertilization rate (F) and time (T) effects as well as their interactions. Significant interaction effects are indicated in bold.</p

Identification and Expression of Nine Oak Aquaporin Genes in the Primary Root Axis of Two Oak Species, Quercus petraea and Quercus robur

Aquaporins (AQPs) belong to the Major Intrinsic Protein family that conducts water and other small solutes across biological membranes. This study aimed to identify and characterize AQP genes in the primary root axis of two oak species, Quercus petraea and Quercus robur. Nine putative AQP genes were cloned, and their expression was profiled in different developmental root zones by real-time PCR. A detailed examination of the predicted amino acid sequences and subsequent phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolated AQPs could be divided into two subfamilies, which included six plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs) and three tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs). We characterized the anatomical features of the roots and defined three developmental root zones: the immature, transition and mature zones. Expression analysis of the AQPs was performed according to these root developmental stages. Our results showed that the expression of PIP2;3 and TIP1 was significantly higher in Quercus petraea compared with Quercus robur in the three root zones. However, PIP2;1 and TIP2;1 were found to be differentially expressed in the mature zone of the two oak species. Of the nine AQP genes identified and analyzed, we highlighted four genes that might facilitate a deeper understanding of how these two closely related tree species adapted to different environments

Cumulative unmarketable and marketable yields and leaf dry mass at the end of the experiment for strawberry plants grown in CF, AB and PS25 substrates.

<p>Significant differences between group means were determined by ANOVA at P = 0.05.</p

Final EC_SSE measured at two substrate depths (T: top; B: bottom), under two fertilization rates (F1, F2) for PS25 (diamonds), CF (circumflex) and AB (squares).

<p>Each point is the mean (n = 3) with SD. Significant P-values for fertilization (F), depth (D) and substrate (S) effects are reported as follows: (*) = P<0.05; (**) = P<0.01; (***) = P<0.001. Significant levels of the post hoc test results are indicated by letters.</p

Chemical characteristics of the substrates.

<p><b>(A)</b> Evolution of EC_lys in CF (diamonds), AB (squares) and PS25 (triangles) during the growing period. <b>(B)</b> EC_SSE measured at the end of the experiment. The P-values are reported for time (T), depth (D) effects and their interaction with substrate (S) as follows: ns: no significant; (*) = P<0.05; (**) = P<0.01; (***) = P<0.001. Significant differences between substrates are indicated by letters.</p