Heavy metal induced histopathological alterations in liver of Channa gachua (Ham)

Discharge of heavy metals into aquatic environment from various sources even below permissible levels, creates health hazards in aquatic organisms. The persistence and ubiquitous nature of these pollutant compounds coupled with their tendency to accumulate in organisms ultimately produce toxic reaction in aquatic biota especially, fish. This study aims to investigate histopathological impact of lethal (1.0625 ppm, 1.4202ppm) and sublethal (0.1062ppm, 0.0531ppm and 0.1420ppm, 0.0710ppm) concentrations of mercury chloride and copper chloride in liver of fresh water teleost, Channa gachua (Ham) .The histopathology studies revealed vacuolation in cytoplasm, degeneration of nuclei, vacuolation in stroma, cloudy swellings, pycnotic nuclei, necrosis, rupture of blood sinusoids, disarray of hepatic cords, loss of shape of hepatocytes. Severity of damage was found to be dose dependent and time of exposure

NANOPARTICLE: AS TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR DEPRESSION

Nanoparticles (NP) are defined as particles with a diameter smaller than 100 nm, are increasingly used in different applications, including drug carrier systems and to pass organ barriers such as the blood-brain barrier. Particulate systems like nanoparticles have been used as a physical approach to alter and improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of various types of drug molecules. Different methods containing various polymers are used for formulation of nanoparticle to increase therapeutic benefit, while minimizing side effect for drug delivery research. While benefits of nanotechnology are widely publicised, the discussion of the potential effects of their widespread use in the consumer and industrial products are just beginning to emerge. This review provides comprehensive analysis of data available on health effects of nanomaterials

TO STUDY THE EFFICACY OF NISHAKANAK KALKA LEPA IN STANPEEDA W.S.R. TO CYCLIC MASTALGIA

Stanpeeda (Mastalgia) is a commonly occurred breast pain that a female suffers from during her lifetime. Approximately two-thirds of women develop this pain during their reproductive life and may seek medical attention when it adversely affects their daily life. The breast pain may vary from mild to severe, could be intermittent or constant. According to Ayurveda, Stanpeeda can be correlated with Mastalgia. The objectives are to study of Stanpeeda with reference to cyclic mastalgia and to study the effect of Nisha kanak kalka lepa in Stanpeeda for 7 days, when cyclic mastalgia occurs. The study was conducted at Stree Rog prasuti tantra department, Hon. Shri. Annasaheb Dange Ayurved Medical College, Post Graduate & Research Center, Sangli, Maharashtra. Total number of 60 patients of 18-35 years age group having Stanapeeda were selected and treated with Nisha Kanak Kalka lepa. In this study the importance of Nisha (Rhizome of Haridra) and Kanak (Dhatura patra) and its possible action on each symptom was explained. Out of 60 patients studied, 21 patients (35%) showed marked improvement, 36 patients (60%) showed moderate improvement while 3 patients (5%) were mildly improved. Hence Nisha and Kanak Kalka lepa had significant result in Stana Peeda

Identification and analysis of screw compressor mechanical losses

Screw compressors are compact machines, used for a wide range of applications where gases or vapours are required to be delivered at moderate pressures with high efficiency and reliability. They are most effective when the compressed medium requires power inputs, approximately in the 10 kW - 1-2 MW range. At lower inputs alternatives such as reciprocating and scroll compressors are preferable and at higher inputs turbo-compressors are more suitable. In industrialised countries, compressors absorb 15-20% of the total electrical power generated. Hence there is a continuing demand to improve their efficiency. This is normally expressed as the specific power consumption, which is the power required to compress unit mass of gas delivered. There already exist mathematical models to assist in the design of such machines and to estimate their performance, which include the estimation of the dynamic loads acting on the rotors and bearings and these loads determine their mechanical efficiency. However, these models do not estimate the magnitude of the mechanical losses, which are only guesstimated as an additional increment to the power required to compress the gas. Such an approximation does not enable the optimum selection of bearings and lubricating oil to minimise the frictional power losses. The aim of the study, described in this paper, was to estimate the effect of the individual parameters responsible for mechanical power loss in oil injected screw compressors and is focussed on the losses incurred in the gear box, bearings and shaft seals. It was found that in the gearbox, meshing, bearing and seal losses all increase both with speed and gear ratio. In the main rotors, it was found that sliding friction losses in the bearings are not significantly affected by the radial load, nor are rolling friction losses significantly dependent on the axial load. However, both axial and radial loads have a significant effect on the total frictional power loss. Lubricant viscosity affects the frictional power losses but the oil level does not

Editorial

This special edition is devoted to Pedagogies for Higher Education, which has become an important research area in this decade. Higher education faces many challenges like engaging reluctant students, implementing active learning pedagogies effectively for diverse and large classes etc. This issue tried to incorporate various solutions and case studies to cater above mentioned challenges in higher education

Relationship of incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injuries and body-built Index somatotype in Indian population

Background: Incidence of ACL injuries and physical parameters like age, sex, height, weight and BMI has been studied intensely as a risk factor. Each of them poses as a different risk factor for occurrence of ACL injuries. But body-built index-somatotype considers relative proportions of fatness, muscle mass and skeletal architecture in terms of endomorphy, mesomorphy and ectomorphy in a single individual which neutralises variables like age, sex, BMI. Methods: 100 patients were included in the study, excluding those with multiligament injuries, associated fractures around knee, mucoid degeneration of ACL and road traffic accident cases. Parameters such as skin fold thickness, circumference and epicondylar, condylar width was taken into consideration. Body built index was calculated in terms of endomorphy, mesomorphy and ectomorphy using the heath-carter anthropometric somatotype manual. Results: We found that amongst all those have ACL injury, endomorphy was higher grade (5.49), followed by mesomorphy (4.75). Lesser grades of ectomorphs i.e., slender people were having ACL injuries. Though there was low margin of grading between the two, endomorphy was higher in ACL injured people followed by mesomorphy. Conclusions: Endomorphs and mesomorphs have higher tendancy of ACL injury. Ectomorphs have lesser incidence of ACL injury

A Systematic Review On Treatment Of Hypertension

High blood stress is one of the most historic threat representatives for ischaemic heart complaint, stroke, different cardiovascular conditions, habitual order complaint and madness. Mean blood stress and the frequency of aired blood stress possess deselected mainly in High- profit areas since at least the 1970s. By discrepancy, blood stress has risen in East, South and Southeast Asia, Oceania and sub-Saharan Africa. presented these currents, the frequency of hypertension is right now advanced in low- profit and medium- profit nations than in High- profit nations. In 2015, an assessed8.5 million exits were attributable to systolic blood stress> 115mmHg, 88 of which were by low- profit and medium- profit nations. The application and authority of hypertension treatment differ mainly across nations. spanning up treatment content and perfecting its neighbourhood authority can mainly degrade the fitness burden of hypertension

Pharmacognostical and phytochemical studies on roots of Bombax ceiba Linn. [Estudios farmacognóstico y fitoquímico de las raíces de Bombax ceiba Linn.]

Abstract Resumen Context: Bombax ceiba Linn. (Bombacaceae) is a well-known plant for its antihypertensive, antioxidant, antidiabetic, aphrodisiac and uterine tonicity properties. Aims: To study pharmacognostical, physicochemical and phytochemically the roots of this plant. Methods: Pharmacognostical study included the macroscopic characters like size, color, surface characteristics, texture, fracture characteristics and odor of the roots. The intact root as well as powdered drug were studied under a microscope to analyze the cellular characteristics of the drug. Physicochemical parameter like extractive values, loss on drying (LOD), total ash, water-soluble and acid insoluble ash, foaming index and hemolytic index of Bombax ceiba root powder were determined as per WHO guidelines. Preliminary phytochemical screening and qualitative chemical examination studies have been carried out for the various phytoconstituents. HPTLC have also carried out using cyclohexane: diethyl ether: ethyl acetate as mobile phase. Results: Chemical evaluation and TLC studies shown presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, saponins and tannins. The microscopic characters have shown presence of cork, cambium, xylem vessels, stone cells, starch grains, calcium oxalate crystals and phloem fibers. Microscopy analysis of the powder included the cork cells, fibers, calcium oxalate crystals and vessel. The presence of steroids was confirmed in HPTLC fingerprinting studies. Conclusions: Pharmacognostical and preliminary phytochemical screening of Bombax ceiba roots will be useful in order to authenticate, standardize and avoid any adulteration in the raw material. The diagnostic microscopic characters and physicochemical data will be helpful in the development of a monograph. The chromatographic fingerprinting profile can be used to standardize extracts and formulations containing Bombax ceiba roots. Contexto: Bombax ceiba Linn. (Bombacaceae) es una planta conocida por sus propiedades anti-hipertensiva, antioxidante, antidiabética, afrodisíaca y tónica uterina. Objetivos: Estudiar farmacognóstica, fisicoquímica y fitoquímicamente las raíces de esta planta. Métodos: El estudio farmacognóstico incluyó los caracteres macroscópicos como tamaño, color, características de la superficie, textura, características de fractura y el olor de las raíces. La raíz intacta y la droga en polvo se estudiaron bajo el microscopio para analizar las características celulares de la droga. Los parámetros fisicoquímicos como valores extractivos, pérdida por desecación (LOD), cenizas totales, índice de formación de espuma soluble en agua y cenizas insolubles en ácido, y el índice hemolítico del polvo de raíz de Bombax ceiba se determinaron según directrices de la OMS. Se realizaron estudios de tamizaje fitoquímico preliminar y examen químico cualitativo para los distintos fitoconstituyentes. También se realizó el estudio por HPTLC usando como fase móvil ciclohexano: éter dietílico: acetato de etilo. Resultados: La evaluación química y los estudios de TLC mostraron presencia de alcaloides, glucósidos, flavonoides, esteroides, saponinas y taninos. Los caracteres microscópicos han demostrado la presencia de corcho, cambium, vasos del xilema, células pétreas, granos de almidón, cristales de oxalato de calcio y fibras del floema. El análisis microscópico del polvo incluyó las células de corcho, fibras, cristales de oxalato de calcio y vaso. La presencia de esteroides se confirmó en estudios de huellas por HPTLC. Conclusiones: El tamizaje farmacognóstico y fitoquímico preliminar de las raíces de Bombax ceiba será útil para autenticar, estandarizar y evitar cualquier adulteración en la materia prima. Los caracteres microscópicos de diagnóstico y los datos fisicoquímicos serán útiles en el desarrollo de una monografía. El perfil cromatográfico de huellas (fingerprinting) puede utilizarse para estandarizar extractos y formulaciones que contengan raíces de Bombax ceiba

SELF-MICRO EMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM (SMDDS): A NOVEL AP- PROACH FOR ENHANCEMENT OF BIOAVAILABILITY

ABSTRACT The oral delivery of lipophillic drugs presents a major challenge because of the low aqueous solubility of such compounds. Self-micro emulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) have gained exposure for their ability to increase solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. SMEDDS are isotropic mixtures of oils, surfactants, solvents and co-solvents and drugs with a unique ability to form fine oil in water microemulsiom upon mild agitation following dilution with aqueous phase. The efficiency of oral absorption of the drug compound from the SMEDDS depends on many formulations related parameters, such as surfactant concentration, oil/surfactant ratio, polarity of the emulsion, droplet size all of which in essence determine the self-micro emulsifying ability. Approximately 40%of new chemical entities exhibit poor aqueous solubility and present a major challenge to modern drug delivery system, because of their low bioavailability

IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF PHENOLIC CONTENT OF LAGENARIA SICERARIA

ABSTRACT The plant, Lagenaria siceraria (Family: Cucurbitaceae), known as bottle gourd, Calabash, Doodhi, and Lauki, is a common fruit vegetable used throughout the India. The antioxidant activities of different concentrations of ethanol extracts of fruits of Lagenaria siceraria the were determined by the four assay techniques i.e. DPPH radical scavenging assay, Reducing power ability, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay and thiocyanate method. Ethanol extract of fruits of Lagenaria siceraria has shown effective antioxidant activity in all assay techniques. The results obtained in the present study indicate that the fruits of Lagenaria siceraria are a potential source of natural antioxidants