Reconstructing First Amendment Doctrine: The 1990s (R)Evolution of the Central Hudson and O\u27Brien Tests

In this article, the Supreme Court\u27s shifting and expanding approach to intermediate scrutiny of commercial free speech under the First Amendment is examined. The author maintains that the Supreme Court has increased the level of review for content-neutral laws regulating commercial speech, while decreasing the level of review of laws affecting the media. The author argues that these analytical shifts have eroded First Amendment protection for the media, replacing the traditional notion that the media is central to a functioning democracy with the view that the press is simply a powerful, commercial enterprise. The author concludes by contrasting two recent Supreme Court cases that reflect the deeply divided court and unclear jurisprudence of current First Amendment doctrines

First Amendment Trump?: The Uncertain Constitutionalization of Structural Regulation Separating Telephone and Video

The Cable Act of 1984 contained a cross-ownership ban, which prohibited telephone companies from entering the local cable video market. Although the ban was challenged by telephone carriers on numerous grounds, the First Amendment was not the basis of any challenge until the mid-1990s when telephone companies sought to characterize themselves not just as carriers but as content suppliers, or speakers, who were deprived of their right to speak as a result of common carrier regulations that were intended merely to control the economic structure of the communications industry. Using the First Amendment as a new-found constitutional weapon to challenge and eliminate regulations that constrain common carriers from expanding into other markets suggests that First Amendment arguments may be successful and efficient in eliminating economic-based, common carrier regulations. However, given the 1997 pronouncement by the Supreme Court in the second Turner case, in which a severely fractured Court failed to articulate any unifying constitutional jurisprudence upon which to determine whether certain common carrier regulations are content neutral, and therefore constitutional, the efficacy of First Amendment challenges may also be uncertain

The gaze of US and Indian media on terror in Mumbai: a comparative analysis

Dissertação de mestrado em Ciências do Desporto (Atividade Física em Contexto Escolar) apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física da Universidade de CoimbraA prática regular de exercício físico tem sido considerada como uma importante estratégia de saúde pública e qualidade de vida, em virtude da associação entre aptidão cardiorrespiratória reduzida e maior risco de doenças cardiovasculares e metabólicas. O aumento das taxas de sedentarismo e crescente prevalência de doenças hipocinéticas, especialmente a síndrome metabólica, destaca a necessidade de se investigarem estratégias eficazes de prescrição do exercício. Porém, a prescrição de exercício óptima para diferentes populações e necessidades permanece incerta. As características da prescrição do exercício incluem intensidade, duração, frequência e tipo de actividade. O presente trabalho tem por objectivo analisar o papel da intensidade na prescrição do exercício, especificamente no treino intervalado de alta intensidade através de 2 protocolos HIT realizados em tapete rolante a velocidades diferentes, através da determinação das associações que se estabelecem com variáveis de aptidão física funcional, morfológicas e sanguíneas. Participaram neste estudo, 21 estudantes da Universidade de Coimbra do sexo masculino, com idades compreendidas entre os 22 e os 26 anos, sendo que todos praticam actividade física regularmente. Foi constatado que em ambos os grupos de treino intervalado, 12 treinos HIT promovem melhorias significativas na aptidão cardiorrespiratória, diminuição da massa gorda e percentagem de massa gorda, aumento da massa isenta de gordura, diminuição da circunferência da anca, pressão arterial (sistólica, diastólica e média), frequência cardíaca de repouso, triglicerídeos e glicémia. A intensidade parece ter influência nas variáveis VO2, massa gorda e percentagem de massa gorda, pressão arterial (sistólica, diastólica e média), frequência cardíaca de repouso, insulinémia e HOMA. De uma forma geral o treino HIT pode ser utilizado para melhorar doenças ligadas à hipocinética. Regular physical exercise has been considered as an important strategy for public health and quality of life, due to the association between low cardiorespiratory fitness and higher risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Increasing rates of physical inactivity and increasing prevalence of hypokinetic diseases, especially metabolic syndrome, highlights the need to investigate effective strategies for exercise prescription. However, the optimal exercise prescription for different populations and needs remains uncertain. The characteristics of the exercise prescription include intensity, duration, frequency and type of activity. This study aims to analyze the role of intensity in exercise prescription, specifically in high-intensity interval training, through 2 HIT protocols performed in treadmill at different speeds through the determination of the associations that are established with fitness, morphological and blood variables. Participated in this study 21 students male of the University of Coimbra, aged 22 to 26 years, in all of which engage in physical activity regularly. It was found that in both groups of interval training, 12 training HIT promote significant improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness, decreased fat mass and percentage of fat mass, increased lean mass, decreased hip circumference, blood pressure (systolic, diastolic and average), resting heart rate, triglycerides and blood glucose. The intensity seems to influence the variables VO2, fat mass and percentage of fat mass, blood pressure (systolic, diastolic and mean), resting heart rate, insulin and HOMA. In general HIT exercise can be used to improve hypokinetic diseases

Women over 40, foreigners of color, and other missing persons in globalizing mediascapes: understanding marketing images as mirrors of intersectionality

Media diversity studies regularly invoke the notion of marketing images as mirrors of racism and sexism. This article develops a higher-order concept of marketing images as “mirrors of intersectionality.” Drawing on a seven-dimensional study of coverperson diversity in a globalizing mediascape, the emergent concept highlights that marketing images reflect not just racism and sexism, but all categorical forms of marginalization, including ableism, ageism, colorism, fatism, and heterosexism, as well as intersectional forms of marginalization, such as sexist ageism and racist multiculturalism. Fueled by the legacies of history, aspirational marketing logics, and an industry-wide distribution of discriminatory work, marketing images help to perpetuate multiple, cumulative, and enduring advantages for privileged groups and disadvantages for marginalized groups. In this sense, marketing images, as mirrors of intersectionality, are complicit agents in the structuration of inequitable societies

Framing of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict in thirteen months of New York Times editorials surrounding the attack of September 11, 2001

This study sought to determine whether U.S. newspaper framing of international conflict shifted following the Sept. 11 terrorist attack and the U.S. government's initiation of a global war on terrorism. Palestinian/Israeli violence, long a focus of international media and scholarly attention, has been rhetorically tied to terrorism and is the topic of this research. The questions motivating this study include: How did the terrorist attack on U.S. soil alter the nature and/or quantity of U.S. media commentary about the Israeli/Palestinian conflict? What does this commentary suggest about the nature of U.S. media framing of international conflict that is rhetorically tied to U.S. policy objectives and socio-cultural interests but does not involve direct U.S. military intervention? How far-reaching are the effects of a cataclysmic event on media framing, and what are they? Media effects theory, social construction theory, and framing theory are primary foundations for this study. Thus, media messages are presumed to affect the audience, and significant changes in media content are presumed to alter audience understanding of the world. However, this study looks not at the effects of media coverage but at the semantic and narrative elements of media content (the frames) that construct and transmit meanings. A close qualitative reading, supplemented by limited quantitative descriptions, of thirteen months of unsigned editorial comment in The New York Times provides the data for this analysis. Although much framing research focuses on news content, editorial-page commentary is a useful bellwether of a newspaper's dominant frames because unsigned editorials express the newspaper's public stance on issues and establish a context for reader decoding of news stories. This study found the attack of Sept. 11 did not influence the frequency of New York Times editorial comment on the Palestinian/Israeli conflict. However, this and other dramatic events during the period of study altered the dominant frame of reference for this discussion. Thus, in the weeks immediately following the Sept. 11 attack, the New York Times editorial page was more likely to frame Israeli/Palestinian conflict in terms of U.S. strategic interest in the region. Such effects were temporally limited. However, editorial framing of the two parties to the conflict consistently differed throughout the period. In general, New York Times editorials were likely to depersonalize Palestinians and frame them as aggressors rather than victims. Commentary on Israeli acts of violence, in contrast, often favored law and order frames, and the personal suffering of Israeli victims frequently provided the context for discussion of regional violence

Deciding communication law : key cases in context/ Ross

xiv, tak beraturan, 23 cm

Deciding communication law : key cases in context/ Ross

xiv, tak beraturan, 23 cm