O efeito Root na hemoglobina do jaraqui (Prochilodus sp.) um peixe teleósteo

Resumo O sistema de hemoglobina do jaraquí, Prochilodus sp. consiste em componentes múltiplos de hemoglobina. O derivado oxidado elui como uma espécie de único peso molecular em experimentos de filtração. O derivado carboxi tem um peso molecular aparente de 60.000 determinado por filtração de gel. Uma mudança de 44 vezes no p1/2 ocorre entre pH 6,4 e 8,6 na solução da hemoglobina. Esta mudança aumenta 388 vezes sob a mesma faixa de pH na presença de 1mM de ATP. A cooperatividade da união do oxigênio, medida por n na equação de Hill, é maior que um em pH acima de 6,7, porém menor que um quando abaixo deste valor. O hemolisado apresentou efeito "Root", sendo apenas 44% saturado a pH 6,4 em presença de 1mM de ATP e equilibrado com ar a uma atmosfera. Em 30°C e pH 7,6 o sangue total processa-se abaixo de p1/2, 4,7 mm de Hg, menor que o de maioria dos outros teleósteos amazônicos. Ambas as velocidades de combinação do monóxido de carbono e velocidade de dissociação do oxigênio são dependentes do pH e ATP. Entre pH 6,2 e 8,8 a velocidade do COon aumenta 10 vezes. ATP reduz a velocidade em valores de pH Intermediários. A velocidade de Ooff aumenta 2,4 vezes entre pH 8,8 e 6,7. A adição de 1 mM de ATP produz um aumento de 4,5 vezes sobre a mesma faixa de pH. Os baixos valores de n abaixo de pH 6,7 e a heterogeneidade da combinação de CO e o processo de dissociação da combinação de O2 sugerem que os componentes da hemoglobina podem ser funcionalmente diferenciados e/ou existem diferenças intramolecular nas propriedades cinéticas das cadelas oc e β

Prediction of HIV transmission cluster growth with statewide surveillance data

Background:Prediction of HIV transmission cluster growth may help guide public health action. We developed a predictive model for cluster growth in North Carolina (NC) using routine HIV surveillance data.Methods:We identified putative transmission clusters with ≥2 members through pairwise genetic distances ≤1.5% from HIV-1 pol sequences sampled November 2010-December 2017 in NC. Clusters established by a baseline of January 2015 with any sequences sampled within 2 years before baseline were assessed for growth (new diagnoses) over 18 months. We developed a predictive model for cluster growth incorporating demographic, clinical, temporal, and contact tracing characteristics of baseline cluster members. We internally and temporally externally validated the final model in the periods January 2015-June 2016 and July 2016-December 2017.Results:Cluster growth was predicted by larger baseline cluster size, shorter time between diagnosis and HIV care entry, younger age, shorter time since the most recent HIV diagnosis, higher proportion with no named contacts, and higher proportion with HIV viremia. The model showed areas under the receiver-operating characteristic curves of 0.82 and 0.83 in the internal and temporal external validation samples.Conclusions:The predictive model developed and validated here is a novel means of identifying HIV transmission clusters that may benefit from targeted HIV control resources. © 2018 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved

Two contemporaneous mitogenomes from terminal Pleistocene burials in eastern Beringia

Pleistocene residential sites with multiple contemporaneous human burials are extremely rare in the Americas. We report mitochondrial genomic variation in the first multiple mitochondrial genomes from a single prehistoric population: two infant burials (USR1 and USR2) from a common interment at the Upward Sun River Site in central Alaska dating to ~11,500 calendar years before present (cal B.P.). Using a targeted capture method and next-generation sequencing we determined that the USR1 infant possessed variants that define mitochondrial lineage C1b, while the USR2 genome falls at the root of lineage B2, allowing us to refine younger coalescence age estimates for these two clades. C1b and B2 are rare to absent in modern populations of Northern North America. Documentation of these lineages at this location in the Late Pleistocene provides evidence for the extent of mitochondrial diversity in early Beringian populations, which supports the expectations of the Beringian Standstill Model

Sustained Sexual Behavior Change after Acute HIV Diagnosis in Malawi

Background Identification of acute HIV infection (AHI) allows for important opportunities for HIV prevention through behavior change and biomedical intervention. Here, we evaluate changes in sexual risk behaviors among persons with AHI enrolled in a combined behavioral and biomedical intervention designed to reduce onward transmission of HIV. Methods Participants were randomized to standard HIV counseling, a multisession behavioral intervention, or a multisession behavioral intervention plus antiretrovirals. Sexual behaviors were assessed periodically over 1 year. Results Four weeks after diagnosis, the predicted probability of reporting multiple sexual partners decreased from 24% to 9%, and the probability of reporting unprotected sex decreased from 71% to 27%. These declines in sexual risk behaviors were sustained over follow-up irrespective of study arm. Conclusions Diagnosis of AHI alone may be sufficient to achieve immediate and sustained behavior change during this highly infectious period

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Transmission among Persons with Acute HIV-1 Infection in Malawi: Demographic, Behavioral, and Phylogenetic Relationships

Background: Understanding sexual networks involving acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infections (AHI) may lead to prevention opportunities to mitigate high rates of onward transmission. We evaluated HIV-1 phylogenetic and behavioral characteristics among persons with AHI and their referred partners. Methods: Between 2012 and 2014, 46 persons with AHI in Malawi participated in a combined behavioral and biomedical intervention. Participants referred sexual partners by passive referral. Demographics and sexual behaviors were collected through interviews and HIV-1 genetic relationships were assessed with phylogenetics. Results: Among 45 AHI participants with HIV-1 sequences, none was phylogenetically-linked with another AHI index. There were 19 (42%) AHI participants who referred a single partner that returned for testing. Most partners (n = 17) were HIV-infected, with 15 (88%) presenting with an established infection. There were 14 index-partner pairs that had sequences available; 13 (93%) pairs were phylogenetically-linked dyads. The AHI index was female in 7/13 (54%) dyads. Age-disparate relationships among dyads were common (≥5-year age difference in 67% of dyads), including 3/6 dyads involving a male index and a younger woman. Index participants with a referred partner were more likely to report no casual partners and to be living with their current partner than participants not in dyads. Conclusions: Passive-partner referral successfully identified partners with genetically-similar HIV infections - the likely source of infection - but only 40% of index cases referred partners who presented for HIV-1 testing. Future work evaluating assisted partner notification may help reach susceptible partners or more people with untreated HIV-1 infections connected to acute transmission. Clinical Trials Registration: NCT01450189

Isolamento e caracterização dos componentes da hemoglobina de Mylossoma sp., um teleósteo da Amazônia

Resumo Foram isoladas duas hemoglobinas de um peixe caracídeo, Mylossoma sp. O componente eletroforético de maior migração anódica constitui 89% do hemolisado total. As duas hemoglobinas nativas têm peso molecular aparente de 57.000 por cromatografia em gel. Os pesos moleculares aparentes das subunidades desnaturadas são 14.000 por eletroforese em gel de dodecil sulfato de sódio. Não ocorre polimerização depois da oxidação com ferrocianeto de potássio. O estudo da união de oxigênio indica que o componente mais "anódico" da hemoglobina possui um efeito Root. Em pH 5,9 na presença de 1 mM ATP a hemoglobina fica saturada apenas 45% quando equilibrada com ar a 1 atmosfera. O componente mais anódico possui um efeito Bohr normal que é aumentado em presença de 1 mM ATP. A cooperatividade, determinada por n na equação de Hill, varia com o pH. No pH 6,7 e abaixo deste na presença de 1 mM ATP, n < 1. A presença de 1 mM ATP causa uma redução em n em pH abaixo de 8,2. O comportamento menos anódico evidencia um comportamento muito diferente tendo um efeito Bohr reverso Δ log P1/2/Δ pH=0,14, entre pH 7,0 e 8,0 o qual muda para um efeito Bohr normal, Δ log P1/2/Δ pH= —0,13 com adição de 1 mM ATF. Esta hemoglobina mostra cooperatividade em todos os valores de pH estudados. Não mostra efeito Root. Estudos de cinética rápida da ligação CO e da dissociação do O2dos componentes isola dos da hemoglobina mostraram que ambos processos são dependentes do pH para cada componente. Estes resultados são consistentes com as análises dos dados de equilíbrio do oxigênio. As hemoglobinas de Mylossoma sp. se assemelham às de Hoplosternum, truta, salmão, remora e cadozete, no grau de sua diferenciação funcional e podem representar especializações evolutivas designadas para servir funções fisiológicas diversas

Randomized Controlled Pilot Study of Antiretrovirals and a Behavioral Intervention for Persons with Acute HIV Infection: Opportunity for Interrupting Transmission

Background. Persons with acute HIV infection (AHI) have heightened transmission risk. We evaluated potential transmission reduction using behavioral and biomedical interventions in a randomized controlled pilot study in Malawi. Methods. Persons were randomized 1:2:2 to standard counseling (SC), 5-session behavioral intervention (BI), or behavioral intervention plus 12 weeks of antiretrovirals (ARVs; BIA). All were followed for 26-52 weeks and, regardless of arm, referred for treatment according to Malawi-ARV guidelines. Participants were asked to refer partners for testing. Results. Among 46 persons (9 SC, 18 BI, 19 BIA), the average age was 28; 61% were male. The median viral load (VL) was 5.9 log copies/mL at enrollment. 67% (10/15) of BIA participants were suppressed (<1000 copies/mL) at week 12 vs 25% BI and 50% SC (P = .07). Although the mean number of reported condomless sexual acts in the past week decreased from baseline across all arms (1.5 vs 0.3 acts), 36% experienced incident sexually transmitted infection by 52 weeks (12% SC, 28% BI, 18% BIA). Forty-one percent (19/46) of participants referred partners (44% SC, 44% BI, 37% BIA); 15 of the partners were HIV-infected. Conclusions. Diagnosis of AHI facilitates behavioral and biomedical risk reduction strategies during a high-transmission period that begins years before people are typically identified and started on ARVs. Sexually transmitted infection incidence in this cohort suggests ongoing risk behaviors, reinforcing the importance of early intervention with ARVs to reduce transmission. Early diagnosis coupled with standard AHI counseling and early ARV referral quickly suppresses viremia, may effectively change behavior, and could have tremendous public health benefit in reducing onward transmission

Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of olanzapine as an adjunctive treatment for anorexia nervosa in adolescent females: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a serious, debilitating condition that causes significant physical, emotional, and functional impairment. The condition is characterized by destructive weight loss behaviours and a refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height. AN often develops in adolescence and is a predominantly female disorder. Treatment for AN typically involves medical, nutritional and psychological interventions. Pharmacotherapy is also often used; however, the literature on the effectiveness of these drugs in a pediatric population is very limited. Olanzapine, which is an 'atypical' antipsychotic, is becoming more widespread in the treatment of AN. Olanzapine is hypothesized to facilitate weight gain, while decreasing levels of agitation and decreasing resistance to treatment in young women with AN. This randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial seeks to examine the effectiveness and safety of olanzapine in female youth with AN.</p> <p>Methods/Design</p> <p>Adolescent females between the ages of 12 and 17 diagnosed with AN (either restricting or binge/purge type) or Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified with a Body Mass Index of less than or equal to 17.5, will be offered inclusion in the study. Patients will be randomly assigned to receive either olanzapine or placebo. Patients assigned to receive olanzapine will start at a low dose of 1.25 mg/day for three days, followed by 2.5 mg/day for four days, 5 mg/day for one week, then 7.5 mg/day (the target dose chosen) for 10 weeks. After 10 weeks at 7.5 mg the medication will be tapered and discontinued over a period of two weeks. The effectiveness of olanzapine versus placebo will be determined by investigating the change from baseline on measures of eating attitudes and behaviors, depression and anxiety, and change in Body Mass Index at week 12, and after a follow-up period at week 40. It is anticipated that 67 participants will be recruited over two years to complete enrollment.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>Randomized controlled trials designed to measure the safety and effectiveness of olanzapine in comparison to placebo are desperately needed, particularly in the adolescent population.</p> <p>Trial registration</p> <p>Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN23032339</p

Pan-Cancer Analysis of lncRNA Regulation Supports Their Targeting of Cancer Genes in Each Tumor Context

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are commonly dys-regulated in tumors, but only a handful are known toplay pathophysiological roles in cancer. We inferredlncRNAs that dysregulate cancer pathways, onco-genes, and tumor suppressors (cancer genes) bymodeling their effects on the activity of transcriptionfactors, RNA-binding proteins, and microRNAs in5,185 TCGA tumors and 1,019 ENCODE assays.Our predictions included hundreds of candidateonco- and tumor-suppressor lncRNAs (cancerlncRNAs) whose somatic alterations account for thedysregulation of dozens of cancer genes and path-ways in each of 14 tumor contexts. To demonstrateproof of concept, we showed that perturbations tar-geting OIP5-AS1 (an inferred tumor suppressor) andTUG1 and WT1-AS (inferred onco-lncRNAs) dysre-gulated cancer genes and altered proliferation ofbreast and gynecologic cancer cells. Our analysis in-dicates that, although most lncRNAs are dysregu-lated in a tumor-specific manner, some, includingOIP5-AS1, TUG1, NEAT1, MEG3, and TSIX, synergis-tically dysregulate cancer pathways in multiple tumorcontexts

Genomic, Pathway Network, and Immunologic Features Distinguishing Squamous Carcinomas

This integrated, multiplatform PanCancer Atlas study co-mapped and identified distinguishing molecular features of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) from five sites associated with smokin