Violence against the elderly: narrative of a case

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The post-traumatic growth journey of women who have survived intimate partner violence : A synthesized theory emphasizing obstacles and facilitating factors

Suffering intimate partner violence (IPV) is a devastating personal experience and post-traumatic growth (PTG) is a positive, psychological change in a person, following trauma such as IPV. There is a gap in the literature when it comes to theories on PTG after surviving IPV. The aim of this theory development was to synthesize an approach to understanding the PTG journey of female IPV survivors. According to our theory, their PTG journey includes eight main components: 1. The women’s early experience of trauma, 2. The consequences of that trauma, 3. Their experiences of IPV, 4. The consequences of IPV, 5. The facilitating factors to PTG, 6. The hindering factors to PTG, 7. Their experience of PTG, and 8. The lingering effects of IPV. According to our findings, PTG is a real possibility for female IPV survivors, and it is likely to improve their mental health, well-being, and quality of life, as well as that of their children, loved ones, and communities, thereby decreasing the damaging effects of IPV. The theory can be useful for professionals when guiding female survivors of IPV to promote their recovery and healing. Due to the lack of research in this field, additional research is needed to further develop this theory.Suffering intimate partner violence (IPV) is a devastating personal experience and post-traumatic growth (PTG) is a positive, psychological change in a person, following trauma such as IPV. There is a gap in the literature when it comes to theories on PTG after surviving IPV. The aim of this theory development was to synthesize an approach to understanding the PTG journey of female IPV survivors. According to our theory, their PTG journey includes eight main components: 1. The women's early experience of trauma, 2. The consequences of that trauma, 3. Their experiences of IPV, 4. The consequences of IPV, 5. The facilitating factors to PTG, 6. The hindering factors to PTG, 7. Their experience of PTG, and 8. The lingering effects of IPV. According to our findings, PTG is a real possibility for female IPV survivors, and it is likely to improve their mental health, well-being, and quality of life, as well as that of their children, loved ones, and communities, thereby decreasing the damaging effects of IPV. The theory can be useful for professionals when guiding female survivors of IPV to promote their recovery and healing. Due to the lack of research in this field, additional research is needed to further develop this theory.Peer reviewe

Adaptation of the barriers to help-seeking for trauma (BHS-TR) scale : A cross-cultural cognitive interview study with female intimate partner violence survivors in Iceland

Funding Information: This study was supported by the Icelandic Gender Equality Fund, grants no. 190036–0551 and no. 200197–5501. The funding body had no role in the design of the study, collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, nor in writing the manuscript. Publisher Copyright: © 2021, The Author(s).Background Even though traumatization is linked to substantially reduced health-related quality of life, help-seeking and service utilization among trauma survivors are very low. To date, there has not been available in Iceland a culturally attuned, self-reported measure on help-seeking barriers after trauma. This study aimed to translate and cross-culturally adapt the English version of Barriers to Help-Seeking for Trauma (BHS-TR) scale into the Icelandic language and context. Methods The BHS-TR was culturally adapted following well-established and rigorous guidelines, including forward-backward translation, expert committee review, and pretesting through cognitive interviews. Two rounds of interviews with 17 female survivors of intimate partner violence were conducted using a think-aloud technique and verbal probing. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis, a combination of deductive and inductive approaches. Results Issues with the BHS-TR that were uncovered in the study were classified into four categories related to general design, translation, cultural aspects, and post-trauma context. The trauma-specific issues emerged as a new category identified in this study and included concepts specific to trauma experiences. Therefore, modifications were of great importance—resulting in the scale becoming more trauma-informed. Revisions made to address identified issues improved the scale, and the process led to an Icelandic version, which appears to be semantically and conceptually equivalent to the original version; additionally, the results provided evidence of content validity. Conclusions As a cognitive interview study, it adds to the growing cognitive interviewing methodology literature. Furthermore, the results provide essential insights into the self-report response process of trauma survivors, highlighting the significance of making health-related research instruments trauma-informed.Background: Even though traumatization is linked to substantially reduced health-related quality of life, help-seeking and service utilization among trauma survivors are very low. To date, there has not been available in Iceland a culturally attuned, self-reported measure on help-seeking barriers after trauma. This study aimed to translate and cross-culturally adapt the English version of Barriers to Help-Seeking for Trauma (BHS-TR) scale into the Icelandic language and context. Methods: The BHS-TR was culturally adapted following well-established and rigorous guidelines, including forward-backward translation, expert committee review, and pretesting through cognitive interviews. Two rounds of interviews with 17 female survivors of intimate partner violence were conducted using a think-aloud technique and verbal probing. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis, a combination of deductive and inductive approaches. Results: Issues with the BHS-TR that were uncovered in the study were classified into four categories related to general design, translation, cultural aspects, and post-trauma context. The trauma-specific issues emerged as a new category identified in this study and included concepts specific to trauma experiences. Therefore, modifications were of great importance—resulting in the scale becoming more trauma-informed. Revisions made to address identified issues improved the scale, and the process led to an Icelandic version, which appears to be semantically and conceptually equivalent to the original version; additionally, the results provided evidence of content validity. Conclusions: As a cognitive interview study, it adds to the growing cognitive interviewing methodology literature. Furthermore, the results provide essential insights into the self-report response process of trauma survivors, highlighting the significance of making health-related research instruments trauma-informed.Peer reviewe

O papel do apoio social no adoecimento psíquico de mulheres

Objetivo: analisar a relação entre percepção de apoio social e sintomas emocionais e físicos associados a quadros psiquiátricos entre mulheres. Método: estudo transversal, quantitativo, realizado com uma amostra aleatória randomizada de 141 mulheres atendidas numa Unidade de Saúde da Família do munícipio de Ribeirão Preto/SP. Foram utilizados questionário sociodemográfico, Questionário de Suporte Social e Self Report Questionaire. Resultados: não houve associação entre as características sociodemográficas e o transtorno mental, mas entre aspectos como baixa renda e escolaridade. O exercício de profissões culturalmente consideradas de baixo prestígio suscitou algumas reflexões relacionadas à desigualdade de gênero. Houve diferença significativa nos escores de satisfação entre as mulheres que referiram ou não os sintomas de cansaço e tristeza e do número de apoiadores entre as que referiram ou não o sintoma de cansaço. Cônjuges e filhos foram os apoiadores mais mencionados e ter transtorno mental foi significativamente associado a não ter amigos na rede de apoio. Conclusão: questões relacionadas à equidade de gênero e à satisfação com o apoio social são aspectos importantes para a assistência. Para a promoção da saúde mental deve-se empreender esforços para que as mulheres se sintam mais conectadas e amparadas pelos apoiadores disponíveis em seu entorno social.Objetivo: analizar la relación entre la percepción de apoyo social y síntomas emocionales y físicos asociados a cuadros psiquiátricos entre mujeres. Método: estudio transversal, cuantitativo, realizado con una muestra aleatorizada de 141 mujeres atendidas en una Unidad de Salud de la Familia del municipio de Ribeirão Preto/SP. Se utilizaron cuestionario sociodemográfico, Cuestionario de Apoyo Social y el Self Report Questionaire. Resultados: no hubo asociación entre las características sociodemográficas y el trastorno mental, pero entre aspectos como baja renta y escolaridad. El ejercicio de profesiones culturalmente consideradas de bajo prestigio suscitó algunas reflexiones relacionadas con la desigualdad de género. Se observó una diferencia significativa en los escasos de satisfacción entre las mujeres que mencionaron o no los síntomas de cansancio y tristeza y del número de apoyadores entre las que mencionaron o no el síntoma de cansancio. Los cónyuges e hijos fueron los apoyadores más mencionados y el trastorno mental se asoció significativamente a no tener amigos en la red de apoyo. Conclusión: cuestiones relacionadas con la equidad de género y la satisfacción con el apoyo social son aspectos importantes para la asistencia. Para la promoción de la salud mental se debe emprender esfuerzos para que las mujeres se sientan más conectadas y ampObjective: to analyze the relationship between perception of social support and emotional and physical symptoms associated with psychiatric conditions among women. Method: a cross-sectional, quantitative study was carried out with a randomized random sample of 141 women attended at a Family Health Unit of the city of Ribeirão Preto/ SP. A sociodemographic questionnaire, the Social Support Questionnaire and the Self-Report Questionnaire were used. Results: there was no association between sociodemographic characteristics and mental disorder, but between aspects such as low income and schooling. The exercise of professions culturally considered as of low prestige gave rise to some reflections related to gender inequality. There was a significant difference in the satisfaction scores between the women who reported or not the symptoms of tiredness and sadness and the number of supporters among those who reported or not the symptom of fatigue. Spouses and children were the most mentioned supporters, and having mental disorder was significantly associated with having no friends in the support network. Conclusion: issues related to gender equity and satisfaction with social support are important aspects of care. For the promotion of mental health, efforts must be made to make women feel more connected and supported by the supporters available in their social environment

Understanding and measuring barriers to help-seeking after trauma : Survivor-centered mixed methods validation study

Aim: The overarching aim of this thesis was to create the first Icelandic traumaspecific and survivor-centered help-seeking barriers instrument. More specifically, to cross-culturally adapt, validate, and legitimate the Barriers to Help-Seeking for Trauma Scale (BHS-TR) among intimate partner violence (IPV) survivors in Iceland. Methods: A combined etic–emic strategy using mixed methods was employed, involving forward–backward translation, expert committee review, cognitive interviews with 17 IPV survivors (study I), psychometric examination in a sample of 137 IPV survivors (study II), and legitimation strategy of integration (study III). Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis, statistical analysis, and joint display analysis. Results: The translation and adaptation process of study I led to an Icelandic version, which appears to be semantically and conceptually equivalent to the original BHS-TR; additionally, the findings provided evidence of the relevance and content-related validity. Still, the Icelandic survivors mentioned a few but significant barriers missing from the scale. The new BHS-TR items developed in study II based on the participants’ lived experiences represented barriers related to viewing help-seeking as a sign of weakness and safeguarding efforts. The psychometric evaluation of the scale supported an eight-factor structure which, when grouped, comprised two indices of Structural and Internal Barriers. Further, the scale’s internal consistency was high (α = 0.87), and the results provided evidence of convergent, discriminant, and known-groups validity. The integration of the qualitative and quantitative data in study III revealed mainly complementarity findings, strengthening the BHS-TR’s overall legitimation evidence. Divergent findings involved items that were significant help-seeking barriers in the survivors’ narratives, whereas factor analysis indicated their removal. These items were critically evaluated in a spiraling process that supported the barriers’ influence, illuminated core issues, and guided potential refinements. Conclusions: The overall findings indicate that the Icelandic BHS-TR is a culturally sensitive, trustworthy, and valid instrument but deserves continuing attention for refinements. This thesis contributes to the growing literature supporting the advantages of applying mixed methods for instrument development and cross-cultural adaptation. The BHS-TR can be used to provide valuable information that may guide the development of evidencebased interventions to break down barriers and help survivors find their way to trauma recovery

Photo‐experiencing and reflective listening: A trauma‐informed photo‐elicitation method to explore day‐to‐day health experiences

Despite the promise of photography in research, few methods offer a guide to leverage this medium in conjunction with experience sampling to facilitate individual reflection while capturing the experiences of participants as they interact with their social world. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new photo‐elicitation method to add to the photography research repertoire, Photo‐experiencing and Reflective Listening (PEARL). PEARL leverages the benefits of experience sampling, mindful self‐awareness, and trauma‐informed interviewing to document daily health experiences. After engaging in an at‐home photography activity, participants meet for a one‐on‐one interview to share and cluster their photographs to discuss key themes and needs going forward. Using a study aimed to understand the recovery experiences of survivors of sexual violence, we illustrate how PEARL can be applied to study a population of interest. The products developed through PEARL provide rich opportunities for analysis, dissemination, story amplification, and action, making it a research method helpful for those interested in improving health equity and catalyzing social change. Because of the high satisfaction voiced by the participants of this approach, PEARL shows promise as a therapeutic data collection method, where the participants leave with some benefit through new awareness gained.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/168427/1/phn12904.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/168427/2/phn12904_am.pd

Examining attitudes, norms, and perceived control: Young African American males’ views of social media as a mode for condom use education

Background Gender-based data indicates that within-race STI rate disparities exist for young African Americans males, (YAAMs) ages 18 to 24. Social media may prove to be a valuable tool for delivering theory-driven messages about sexual health knowledge and behaviors, including condom usage, directly to YAAMs in promoting safer sex behaviors for this population. Purpose To examine the current attitudes, norms and perceived controls related to the influence of social media on condom use among YAAMs ages 18 to 21. Methods Nine group-depth interviews were held with 41 participants, mean age 19, SD +1.2, were conducted in metro Detroit to understand use of social media for condom use education, and health messages among YAAMs ages 18 to 21. Results Participants demonstrated positive attitudes about using social media for condom use education. Social media sites that were educational (n = 12) and engaging (n = 5) made it easy to seek out sexual health information related to condom use. Similarly, participants liked social media for condom use education if the sites provided educational (n = 9) content and had creative advertisements. (n = 7). Top reasons to dislike social media as a mode for condom use education included negative comments (n = 6) displayed on the sites or if the site provided misinformation (n = 5) about the use of condoms. Conclusion The findings here can help healthcare providers, the community and researchers understand media preference, navigation, and better understand the role of social media in adolescent health care