Enhanced superconductivity and electron correlations in intercalated ZrTe3

Charge density waves (CDWs) with superconductivity, competing Fermi surface instabilities, and collective orders have captured much interest in two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) materials. Understanding the CDW suppression mechanism, its connection to the emerging superconducting state, and electronic correlations provides opportunities for engineering the electronic properties of vdW heterostructures and thin-film devices. Using a combination of the thermal transport, x-ray photoemission spectroscopy, Raman measurements, and first-principles calculations, we observe an increase in electronic correlations of the conducting states as the CDW is suppressed in ZrTe3 with 5% Cu and Ni intercalation in the vdW gap. As superconductivity emerges, intercalation brings not only decoupling of quasi-one-dimensional conduction electrons with phonons as a consequence of intercalation-induced lattice expansion but also a drastic increase in Zr2+ at the expense of Zr4+ metal atoms. These observations not only demonstrate the potential of atomic intercalates in the vdW gap for ground-state tuning but also illustrate the crucial role of the Zr metal valence in the formation of collective electronic orders

Reaction dynamics of small molecules in solution

Ce rapport de thèse présente une étude de la dynamique transitoire de molécules de taille réduite en solution induite par photoexcitation. Celle-ci est réalisée au travers d'une expérience de mesure de diffusion de rayons X aux grands angles (TR-WAXS). La partie principale de ce rapport s'articule autour de la dertermination des structures transitoires avec l'utilisation de plusieurs schémas structurelles d'optimisation. Certains résultats obtenus par TR-WAXS sont complétés avec ceux obtenus par spectroscopie optique résolue dans le temps (TOAS) ainsi que par spectroscopie d'émission de rayons X de ces molécules (TR-XES) permettant une plus complète description de ces systèmes.Ce travail est composé de 4 differents projets lesquelles peuvent être regroupé en 2 groupes selon le type de réaction declenchées par photoexcitation: dissociation et transfert d'électron. Le premier groupe comprends la molécule triatomique de mercure, halogénure métallique et le triiodide où nous étudions la dynamique de recombinaison des photofragments libres. Cette partie démontre la possibilité de développer de nouvelles connaissances concernant la dynamique de ces modèles, comme par exemple, la découverte de la recombinaison par canaux ou bien par l'apparition de réactions intermédiaires en moins de 100 ps, correspondant à la longueur de l'impulsion de rayons X générée par le synchrotron, mise en évidence en utilisant la technique de découpage temporelle. Le deuxième groupe de systèmes est composé de complexes de métaux de transition, très pertinents pour les applications liées à la récolte de lumière, [Fe(NHC)2]2+ et Ru=Co, où le spin et les structures dynamiques sont étudiées. Ces projets prolongent de précedents travaux à une famille de systèmes plus complexes avec un numéro atomique bas (première colonne de transition metallique) et fait la lumière sur de nouveaux composés en photochimie.This thesis investigates photoinduced transient dynamics of small molecules in solution with the use of time-resolved wide angle x-ray scattering (TR-WAXS). The core of the thesis is the precise determination of transient structures with the use of various structural optimization schemes. Some of the TR-WAXS results are supplemented with transient absorption optical spectroscopy (TOAS) and time-resolved x-ray emission spectroscopy (TR-XES) measurements allowing for a more complete description of the systems.par The work includes four different projects which can be grouped into two classes according to the type of reaction appearing upon photoexcitation: dissociation and electron transfer. The first class includes the simple triatomic molecules mercury halides and triiodide where we study the recombination dynamics of the free photofragments. This part of the thesis demonstrates the possibility to gain new knowledge about the dynamics of these model systems such as new recombination channels and reaction intermediates appearing in less than 100 ps, the xray pulse length from the synchrotron, by the use of time-slicing technique. The second class of systems includes transition metal complexes that are highly relevant for light harvesting applications, [Fe(NHC)2]2+ and Ru=Co, where the spin and structural dynamics are investigated. These projects extend previous work to a family of more complex systems constituted of relatively low-Z atoms (first row transition metals) and bring new insights into the photochemistry of the compounds

La dynamique de réaction de petites molécules en solution

This thesis investigates photoinduced transient dynamics of small molecules in solution with the use of time-resolved wide angle x-ray scattering (TR-WAXS). The core of the thesis is the precise determination of transient structures with the use of various structural optimization schemes. Some of the TR-WAXS results are supplemented with transient absorption optical spectroscopy (TOAS) and time-resolved x-ray emission spectroscopy (TR-XES) measurements allowing for a more complete description of the systems.par The work includes four different projects which can be grouped into two classes according to the type of reaction appearing upon photoexcitation: dissociation and electron transfer. The first class includes the simple triatomic molecules mercury halides and triiodide where we study the recombination dynamics of the free photofragments. This part of the thesis demonstrates the possibility to gain new knowledge about the dynamics of these model systems such as new recombination channels and reaction intermediates appearing in less than 100 ps, the xray pulse length from the synchrotron, by the use of time-slicing technique. The second class of systems includes transition metal complexes that are highly relevant for light harvesting applications, [Fe(NHC)2]2+ and Ru=Co, where the spin and structural dynamics are investigated. These projects extend previous work to a family of more complex systems constituted of relatively low-Z atoms (first row transition metals) and bring new insights into the photochemistry of the compounds.Ce rapport de thèse présente une étude de la dynamique transitoire de molécules de taille réduite en solution induite par photoexcitation. Celle-ci est réalisée au travers d'une expérience de mesure de diffusion de rayons X aux grands angles (TR-WAXS). La partie principale de ce rapport s'articule autour de la dertermination des structures transitoires avec l'utilisation de plusieurs schémas structurelles d'optimisation. Certains résultats obtenus par TR-WAXS sont complétés avec ceux obtenus par spectroscopie optique résolue dans le temps (TOAS) ainsi que par spectroscopie d'émission de rayons X de ces molécules (TR-XES) permettant une plus complète description de ces systèmes.Ce travail est composé de 4 differents projets lesquelles peuvent être regroupé en 2 groupes selon le type de réaction declenchées par photoexcitation: dissociation et transfert d'électron. Le premier groupe comprends la molécule triatomique de mercure, halogénure métallique et le triiodide où nous étudions la dynamique de recombinaison des photofragments libres. Cette partie démontre la possibilité de développer de nouvelles connaissances concernant la dynamique de ces modèles, comme par exemple, la découverte de la recombinaison par canaux ou bien par l'apparition de réactions intermédiaires en moins de 100 ps, correspondant à la longueur de l'impulsion de rayons X générée par le synchrotron, mise en évidence en utilisant la technique de découpage temporelle. Le deuxième groupe de systèmes est composé de complexes de métaux de transition, très pertinents pour les applications liées à la récolte de lumière, [Fe(NHC)2]2+ et Ru=Co, où le spin et les structures dynamiques sont étudiées. Ces projets prolongent de précedents travaux à une famille de systèmes plus complexes avec un numéro atomique bas (première colonne de transition metallique) et fait la lumière sur de nouveaux composés en photochimie

Sub-nanosecond secondary geminate recombination in mercury halides HgX2 (X = I, Br) investigated by time-resolved x-ray scattering

© 2019 Author(s).In this work, we present a detailed investigation on the recombination dynamics of mercury halides HgX2 (X = I, Br) in acetonitrile solution after UV-induced photodissociation. The study is performed by combining time-resolved wide-angle x-ray scattering (TRWAXS) and optical transient absorption spectroscopy. Up to 68% of the UV (266 nm) photodissociated HgX and X radicals that escape the solvent cage surrounding parent HgX2 recombine within a nanosecond after photodissociation. In contrast to classical primary geminate recombination, occurring on much faster time scales, we interpret the sub-nanosecond recombination channel as secondary geminate recombination (SGR), also referred to as diffusion-limited geminate recombination. The family of triatomic mercury halides therefore represents an important class of molecules to study chemical mechanisms of solvent-dependent SGR by TRWAXS. The methodology described here allows for direct mapping of the time-dependent inter-radical distance distribution function, a critical parameter for the assessment of the SGR dynamics in solution phase and solvation in genera

Synthesis of Nanoceria with Varied Ratios of Ce3+/Ce4+ Utilizing Soluble Borate Glass

Mixed-valence cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) have been investigated with pronounced interest due to a wide range of biomedical and industrial applications that arises from its remarkable redox catalytic properties. However, there is no understanding of how to control the formation of these two types of nanoceria to obtain Ce3+/Ce4+ ratios required in various applications. In this work, using a soluble borate glass, nanoceria with specific ratios of Ce3+/Ce4+ are created and extracted via controlled glass-melting parameters. Glass embedded with nanoceria as well as nanoceria extracted from the glass were studied via XANES and fitted with the Multivariate Curve Resolution (MCR) technique to calculate the ratio of Ce3+/Ce4+. Results show that mixed-valence nanoceria with specific ratios are hermetically sealed within the glass for long durations. When the glass dissolves, the mixed-valence nanoceria are released, and the extracted nanoceria have unchanged Ce3+/Ce4+ ratios. Furthermore, TEM investigation on released nanoceria show that the nanoceria consist of several different structures. Although nanocrystal structures of Ce7O12, Ce11O20, and Ce2O3 contribute to the reduced state, a new quasi-stable phase of CeO1.66 has been observed as well

In-situ analysis of corrosion products in molten salt: concurrent X-ray absorption and electrochemistry reveal both ionic and metallic species

Understanding and controlling the physical and chemical processes at molten salt‐alloy interfaces is vital for molten‐salt nuclear reactors. Corrosion processes in molten salts are highly dependent on the redox potential of the solution that changes with the addition of fission and corrosion products. Therefore, reactor designers develop online electrochemical methods of salt monitoring. But electrochemical spectroscopy relies on the deconvolution of broad peaks, a process that may be imprecise in the presence of multiple species in the solution. Here, we describe our developments towards monitoring the concentration and the chemical state of corrosion products in the melt by a combination of electrochemistry and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. We placed NiCr foil in molten FLiNaK and found the presence of both Ni2+ ions and metallic Ni in the melt, which we attribute to the disintegration of the corroding foil due to Cr dealloying. Although extremely challenging, spectroelectrochemical measurements add a promising rich new data stream for online salt monitoring

Direct Observation of Insulin Association Dynamics with Time-Resolved X‑ray Scattering

Biological functions frequently require protein–protein interactions that involve secondary and tertiary structural perturbation. Here we study protein–protein dissociation and reassociation dynamics in insulin, a model system for protein oligomerization. Insulin dimer dissociation into monomers was induced by a nanosecond temperature-jump (T-jump) of ∼8 °C in aqueous solution, and the resulting protein and solvent dynamics were tracked by time-resolved X-ray solution scattering (TRXSS) on time scales of 10 ns to 100 ms. The protein scattering signals revealed the formation of five distinguishable transient species during the association process that deviate from simple two-state kinetics. Our results show that the combination of T-jump pump coupled to TRXSS probe allows for direct tracking of structural dynamics in nonphotoactive proteins

Characteristic features of the nanocrystalline structure formation in Ln2Hf2O7Ln_{2}Hf_{2}O_{7} (Ln = Gd, Dy) compounds

A combination of modern locally sensitive methods of structure analysis based on the interaction of synchrotron radiation with condensed matter was used to study the formation and evolution of crystal structures, change in the size of crystallites, the type and degree of cationic ordering, and features of the local atomic structures of compounds Ln2Hf2O7 (Ln = Gd, Dy) prepared by heat treatment of X-ray amorphous precursors

Balancing elementary steps enables coke-free dry reforming of methane

Balancing kinetics, a crucial priority in catalysis, is frequently achieved by sacrificing activity of elementary steps to suppress side reactions and enhance catalyst stability. Dry reforming of methane (DRM), a process operated at high temperature, usually involves fast C-H activation but sluggish carbon removal, resulting in coke deposition and catalyst deactivation. Studies focused solely on catalyst innovation are insufficient in addressing coke formation efficiently. Herein, we develop coke-free catalysts that balance kinetics of elementary steps for overall thermodynamics optimization. Beginning from a highly active cobalt aluminum oxide (CoAl2O4) catalyst that is susceptible to severe coke formation, we substitute aluminum (Al) with gallium (Ga), reporting a CoAl0.5Ga1.5O4-R catalyst that performs DRM stably over 1000 hours without observable coke deposition. We find that Ga enhances DRM stability by suppressing C-H activation to balance carbon removal. A series of coke-free DRM catalysts are developed herein by partially substituting Al from CoAl2O4 with other metals.This article is published as Yu, Jiaqi, Tien Le, Dapeng Jing, Eli Stavitski, Nicholas Hunter, Kanika Lalit, Denis Leshchev et al. "Balancing elementary steps enables coke-free dry reforming of methane." Nature Communications 14, no. 1 (2023): 7514. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-43277-0. © The Author(s) 2023.This is Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/