Oligoquetos (Amynthas spp) e fitonematoides (Meloidogyne javanica) : efeito sobre a comunidade microbiana do solo e crescimento do tomateiro

Orientador: Jair Alves DionísioDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência do Solo. Defesa : Curitiba, 24/04/2015Inclui referências: p. 37-44Área de concentração: Solo e ambienteResumo: As minhocas estão entre os seres mais representativos da fauna edáfica e devido ao seu hábito de vida influenciam uma gama de organismos do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade de Amynthas spp. suprimir a população de fitonematoides parasitas e o impacto destes oligoquetos sobre a atividade biológica do solo e o reflexo no crescimento do tomateiro. O estudo foi realizado em casa de vegetação no Centro Diagnóstico Marcos Enrietti - UFPR, os tratamentos foram níveis de minhocas adultas do gênero Amynthas: 0, 2, 4, 6 e 8 animais vaso-1. Cada vaso recebeu sementes de tomate (var. Santa Cruz Kada Paulista), desbastados aos 14 dias após a emergência e inoculados com uma solução contendo 3.000 ovos e/ou juvenis de M. javanica. Durante a condução do experimento, foi avaliada a respiração edáfica (RE) em intervalos de aproximadamente 96h. Após a coleta do experimento, aos 91 dias, determinaram-se a massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA), massa seca da raiz (MSR), massa seca da planta (MSP) e número de galhas das raízes, carbono da biomassa microbiana (CBM), respiração microbiana (RMS) e o quociente metabólico do solo (qCO2). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de regressão entre as variáveis obtidas e os níveis de Amynthas spp. e correlação de Pearson. A inoculação de Amynthas spp. não suprime a formação de galhas no tomateiro, mas proporciona aumentos da massa seca da planta e massa seca da parte aérea, mesmo não havendo diferenças significativas para MSR. O aumento na liberação de CO2 em função dos níveis de minhocas inoculadas não afeta a respiração edáfica total. O CBM se eleva com os níveis de Amynthas spp. e atinge um ponto de máximo para 5,2 animais vaso-1, o qCO2, diminui com a inoculação de Amynthas spp. e atinge um ponto de mínimo com 5 animais vaso-1. Não houve diferenças significativas para a RMS entre os tratamentos. Palavras-chave: Carbono da biomassa microbiana. Respiração microbiana. Respiração edáfica.Abstract: Earthworms are among the most representative beings of soil fauna and because of their living habits, influence a range of soil organisms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of Amynthas spp. suppress the population of nematodes parasites and the impact of the earthworms on soil biological activity and your reflection in the tomato plant growth. The study was conducted in a greenhouse at the Diagnostic Center Marcos Enrietti - UFPR, c the treatments were levels of adult worms of the genus Amynthas vase-1. Each vase received tomato seeds (var. Santa Cruz Kada Paulista) thinned to 14 days after emergence and inoculated with a solution containing 3.000 eggs and/or juveniles of M. javanica. During the experiment, the soil respiration (RE) was performed at intervals of about 96h. After collection of the experiment 91 days, we determined the dry weight of shoot (MSPA), root dry mass (MSR), plant dry matter (MSP) and the number of root galls, microbial biomass carbon (CBM), microbial respiration (RMS) and metabolic quotient of soil (qCO2). The data were submitted to regression analysis between the obtained variables and levels of Amynthas spp. and Pearson correlation. The inoculation of Amynthas spp. not suppresses the formation of galls on tomato, but it provides increased plant dry matter and dry matter of shoots, even with no significant differences for MSR. The increase in the release of CO2 depending on the inoculated earthworm levels does not affect the overall soil respiration. The MBC increased with levels of Amynthas spp. reaching a maximum point to 5.2 animals vase-1, the qCO2 decreases with inoculation Amynthas spp. and reaches a minimum point to 5 animals vase-1. There were no significant differences for RMS between treatments. Keywords: Microbial biomass carbon. Microbial respiration. Soil respiration

Earthworms and Nematodes: The Ecological and Functional Interactions

Soil invertebrate organisms are responsible for several biochemical processes indispensable for the correct functioning of ecosystems. Because of the high diversity of animals that occurs in the soil environment, some invertebrates such as earthworms and nematodes are highly important in trophic chains, with high number of species and the effect that they exert on both natural and agricultural systems. However, although numerous studies have evaluated the implications of these organisms in soil processes and their consequences on crop productivity, the interaction between earthworms and nematodes has received little attention in recent years. This chapter reviews studies focusing on the elucidation of the interaction between earthworms and nematodes in diverse situations in which they occur, for example, the vermicompost process and the native and agricultural systems. Several studies have shown that the direct and/or indirect action of earthworms can highly modify nematode populations. In addition, in the presence of earthworms, the damage caused by phytonematodes can be reduced in some crops

Minhocas e Fusarium oxysporum: efeito no crescimento e produção do morangueiro

Earthworms are soil invertebrates that play an important environmental role and are often referred to as “ecosystem engineers”. These invertebrates can influence several organisms, from microscopic life forms to plants. Although many works had reported positive effects of earthworms on plant growth, studies combining these invertebrates and soil pathogens showed numerous positive interactions. Fusarium wilt is a global disease that can cause severe damage to strawberry fields. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of inoculation of earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) and Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae) in strawberry plants. This greenhouse experiment was carried out in the University of Seville School of Agricultural Engineering, Utrera City, Spain. Strawberries (Rooted cuttings) were planted in plastic pots and administered the following treatments: Control (absence of F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae and earthworms), T1 (absence of F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, two L. terrestris per pot), T2 (inoculum of F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, absence of L. terrestris), and T3 (inoculum of F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae and two L. terrestris). Weekly fruit production was measured for seven months. After this period the shoot fresh weight and the leaf nutrient content was measured. The results obtained showed no interaction between L. terrestris and F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae on strawberry production. T1 treatment resulted in fruit production superior to other treatments, including the control. An absence of differences in dry shoot matter was observed with earthworm treatment, and small differences were found in the leaf nutrient content. The earthworm inoculation was unable to suppress the negative effects of Fusarium wilt in strawberry production. However, positive effects such as a reduction in the disease severity were found in the earthworm treated plants. In treatments without F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae inoculation, the presence of earthworms increased plant productivity by 44.21 g per pot, compared with the control

Amazonian earthworm biodiversity is heavily impacted by ancient and recent human disturbance

Despite the importance of earthworms for soil formation, more is needed to know about how Pre-Columbian modifications to soils and the landscape. Gaining a deeper understanding is essential for comprehending the historical drivers of earthworm communities and the development of effective conservation strategies in the Amazon rainforest. Human disturbance can significantly impact earthworm diversity, especially in rainforest soils, and in the particular case of the Amazonian rainforest, both recent and ancient anthropic practices may be important. Amazonian Dark Earths (ADEs) are fertile soils found throughout the Amazon Basin, created by sedentary habits and intensification patterns of pre-Colombian societies primarily developed in the second part of the Holocene period. We have sampled earthworm communities in three Brazilian Amazonian (ADEs) and adjacent reference soils (REF) under old and young forests and monocultures. To better assess taxonomic richness, we used morphology and the barcode region of the COI gene to identify juveniles and cocoons and delimit Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs). Here we suggest using Integrated Operational Taxonomical units (IOTUs) which combine both morphological and molecular data and provide a more comprehensive assessment of diversity, while MOTUs only rely on molecular data. A total of 970 individuals were collected, resulting in 51 taxonomic units (IOTUs, MOTUs, and morphospecies combined). From this total, 24 taxonomic units were unique to REF soils, 17 to ADEs, and ten were shared between both soils. The highest richness was found in old forest sites for ADEs (12 taxonomic units) and REFs (21 taxonomic units). The beta-diversity calculations reveal a high species turnover between ADEs and REF soils, providing evidence that ADEs and REFs possess distinct soil biota. Furthermore, results suggest that ADE sites, formed by Pre-Columbian human activities, conserve a high number of native species in the landscape and maintain a high abundance, despite their long-term nature

Soil macroinvertebrates and soil quality in Amazonian dark earths and adjacent soils

Orientador: Prof. Dr. George Gardner BrownCoorientador: Prof. Dr. Luís CunhaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência do Solo. Defesa : Curitiba, 17/04/2019Inclui referênciasResumo: Por pelo menos 10 mil anos, as atividades humanas vêm modificando a floresta amazônica. Os povos pré-Colombianos alteraram profundamente a paisagem Amazônica, construindo um novo habitat neste local com características contrastes aos solos naturais (REF), conhecido como Terra Preta de Índio (TPI). Durante muitos anos estes solos têm captado a atenção da comunidade científica e atualmente diversas características das TPIs, tais como fertilidade, mineralogia e propriedade microbiológicas do solo já foram estudadas, entretanto até o momento estes locais carecem de estudos relacionados a fauna invertebrada do solo que são importantes provedores de serviços ecossistêmicos, fundamentais para o correto funcionamento dos ecossistemas terrestres. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a pegada ecológica dos povos pré-Colombianos nas comunidades de macroinvertebrados em TPIs e os efeitos das alterações antrópicas nas comunidades de invertebrados e na qualidade do solo em TPIs e REF. Foram avaliados 18 locais pareados (9 TPI e 9 REF) em três níveis de perturbação humana: florestas antigas (OF) florestas secundárias em estágio avançado de regeneração (> 20 anos); florestas jovens (YF) florestas secundárias em estágio inicial de regeneração (20 years); young forests (YF) consisting of secondary forests in early stage of regeneration (<20 years); and agricultural systems (AS), located in three Central Amazonian states. Standard or well-known assessment methods were used for soil macroinvertebrate sampling, as well as soil chemical, physical and macro-morphological analyses. Over 9,000 soil invertebrates belonging to 667 morphospecies were found, most of which were ants, beetles and spiders, but also with high richness of termites, millipedes, true bugs, cockroaches and earthworms. Although total species richness was not different in ADEs than REF soils, their communities were very different, and a tenacious pre- Columbian footprint was observed, with 43% of species found exclusively in ADEs. Biological activity was also higher in ADEs compared to REF soils, indicating significant changes in ecosystem services in these anthropogenic soils. Furthermore, some invertebrates such as earthworms were very abundant in ADEs, and their communities were adapted to human disturbance, with higher populations even in agricultural fields compared to REF soils, mainly due to the high nutrient and organic matter contents of the ADEs. Overall soil quality was highest in ADEs than in REF soils and in OF than in YF and AS. The soil quality in ADEs was also more resilient to land-use change that REF soils. Modern agriculture decreased soil biodiversity in both ADE and REF soils, with lowest species richness in AS, and highest in OF. Hence, ADEs represent distinct and important habitats for soil biodiversity in Amazonia, particularly in OF, and may act as refuges for a high number of rare/exclusive soil invertebrate species which are absent or present only in low populations in REF soils. Furthermore, the high quality of these soils, and the negative effects of modern land uses implies the need for proper management and enhanced conservation efforts in ADEs in Amazonia. Keywords: Soil biology. ADEs. Soil macrofauna. Ecosystem services. Tropical forest. Land-use change

Minhocas e nematoides das galhas: efeitos na atividade biológica do solo e crescimento do tomate

Earthworms are a representative soil invertebrate, and their living habits are known to influence a large diversity of organisms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of Amynthas spp. to change the biological attributes of soil, and its potential to reduce infection by root-knot nematodes on tomato crop. The study was conducted in the greenhouse of the Diagnostic Center Marcos Enrietti, Federal University of Paraná, Brazil. The treatments earthworms at the following densities: control (absence of earthworms), two, four, six, and eight, which were inoculated into different pots, with five replicates per group. In each pot, a single tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum) was used, and a suspension of Meloidogyne javanica containing 3000 eggs and/or juveniles was added 14 days after seeding. During the experiment, edaphic respiration was evaluated at 96-h intervals. After 91 days, soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial soil respiration (MSR), the metabolic quotient (qCO2), dry mass of roots (DMR), dry mass of plants (DMP), and the number of root galls were determined per plant. We observed that inoculation with higher earthworm densities increased the MBC. Furthermore, the lowest earthworm density (two animals) resulted in a MBC that was 75% higher than that of the control treatment (earthworms absent). There was a positive correlation between MBC and DMP, and a negative correlation between MBC and qCO2. The DMR was not influenced by inoculation with earthworms. A linear increase in DMP was observed with earthworms; however, gall formations on the tomato root were not suppressed.As minhocas são um dos mais representativos invertebrados do solo e sabe-se que seus hábitos de vida influenciam uma grande diversidade de outros organismos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade de Amynthas spp. em alterar alguns atributos biológicos do solo e seu potencial em reduzir a infecção de nematoides formadores de galhas na cultura do tomate. O estudo foi conduzido em casa de vegetação no Centro Diagnóstico Marcos Enrietti, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brasil. Os tratamentos foram diferentes densidades de minhocas: Controle (ausência de minhocas), dois, quatro, seis e oito indivíduos inoculados por vaso, com cinco repetições. Em cada vaso foi utilizada uma única plântula de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum), onde, aos 14 dias após a semeadura foi adicionada uma suspensão contendo 3000 ovos e/ou juvenis de Meloidogyne javanica. Durante o experimento, a respiração edáfica foi avaliada em intervalos de 96 horas. Após 91 dias, o carbono da biomassa microbiana (MBC), respiração microbiana (MSR), quociente metabólico (qCO2), massa seca das raízes (DMR), massa seca da planta (DMP) e o número de galhas por planta foram determinados. Como resultados, observou-se que a inoculação de altas densidades de minhocas aumentou o MBC. Além disso, baixas densidades de minhocas (dois indivíduos) mostraram valores de MBC 75% maiores, comparados ao tratamento controle (ausência de minhocas). Houve uma correlação positiva entre MBC e DMP, negativa entre MBC e qCO2. A DMR não foi influenciada pela inoculação de minhocas. Um aumento linear da DMP foi observado com o aumento da densidade de minhocas, sem ocorrer supressão da formação de galhas nas raízes

Minhocas (Amynthas spp.) aumentam o crescimento do feijoeiro, a biomassa microbiana e a respiração do solo

Few studies have evaluated the effect of earthworms on plants and biological soil attributes, especially among legumes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of earthworms (Amynthas spp.) on growth in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and on soil biological attributes. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using a completely randomized design with five treatments and eight repetitions. The treatments consisted of inoculation with five different quantities of earthworms of the genus Amynthas (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 worms per pot). Each experimental unit consisted of a plastic pot containing 4 kg of soil and two common bean plants. The experiment was harvested 38 days after seedling emergence. Dry matter and plant height, soil respiration, microbial respiration, microbial biomass, and metabolic quotient were determined. Earthworm recovery in our study was high in number and mass, with all values above 91.6% and 89.1%, respectively. In addition, earthworm fresh biomass decreased only in the treatment that included eight earthworms per pot. The presence of earthworms increased the plant growth and improved soil biological properties, suggesting that agricultural practices that favor the presence of these organisms can be used to increase the production of common bean, and the increased soil CO2 emission caused by the earthworms can be partially offset by the addition of common bean crop residues to the soil.Poucos estudos têm avaliado o efeito de minhocas nas plantas e nos atributos biológicos do solo, principalmente em plantas leguminosas, como o feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de minhocas (Amynthas spp.) no crescimento do feijoeiro e nos atributos biológicos do solo. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação em delineamento completamente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e oito repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de cinco níveis de inoculação (0, 2, 4, 6 e 8 minhocas por vaso) de minhocas do gênero Amynthas spp. Cada unidade experimental foi composta por um vaso de plástico, contendo 4 kg de solo e duas plantas de feijoeiro. O período experimental foi encerrado após 38 dias da emergência das plantas. Foram determinadas a matéria seca e a altura das plantas, a respiração edáfica, a respiração microbiana, a biomassa microbiana do solo e o quociente metabólico. A recuperação de minhocas foi alta em número e massa, com todos os valores acima de 91,6% e 89,1%, respectivamente. Adicionalmente, a massa de minhocas diminuiu apenas no tratamento com oito minhocas por vaso. A presença de minhocas aumentou o crescimento da planta e atributos biológicos do solo, sugerindo que práticas agrícolas que favoreçam a presença de minhocas podem vir a ser utilizadas para aumentar a produção de feijoeiro e, a elevação da emissão de CO2 causada pelas minhocas pode ser parcialmente mitigada pela adição de resíduos culturais de feijoeiro no solo

Data_Sheet_2_Dry season rainfall as a source of transpired water in a seasonal, evergreen forest in the western Amazon region inferred by water stable isotopes.docx

The present work aimed to investigate the potential sources of water for plants in an area of evergreen forest located in western Amazonia (Rebio Jaru). We used a natural abundance of water isotopes—δ2H and δ18O—to trace the main source of water to plants at the beginning of the dry period (May 2016) and at the end of the dry period/transition to the wet period (October 2016) following a severe El Niño drought (ENSO 2015/16). Soil samples were collected in a soil profile up to 4 m depth. Plant samples from 18 trees (14 species) were collected in May and in October 2016. Rainwater and river water samples were collected between September 2015 and February 2017. We found that, at the end of the dry period/transition to the wet period (i.e., October 2016), the average plant xylem signal was more enriched (δ2H: −20.0 ± 8.1‰; δ18O: −1.13 ± 1.88‰) than in May 2016 (δ2H: −36.7 ± 5.6‰; δ18O: −3.50 ± 1.30‰), the onset of the dry period. The averaged isotopic soil signal in May 2016 (δ2H: −35.4 ± 5.90‰; δ18O: −5.19 ± 0.70‰) is slightly more depleted than in October (δ2H: −27.6 ± 13.8‰; δ18O: −4.35 ± 1.73‰) and, in general, more depleted than the xylem signal. In the dual isotope space, the xylem signal at the beginning of the dry period follows the rainfall signal of the wet period, while the xylem signal at the end of the dry period/transition to the wet period follows the signal of the dry season rainfall, suggesting that plants mostly transpire recent rainwater. Contrary to what was expected, we did not find evidence in the xylem signal of the water stored in the soil pores, which suggests that to meet to the water demands of the dry period, plants do not use the water from past periods stored in the soil layers.</p

Table_3_Dry season rainfall as a source of transpired water in a seasonal, evergreen forest in the western Amazon region inferred by water stable isotopes.docx

The present work aimed to investigate the potential sources of water for plants in an area of evergreen forest located in western Amazonia (Rebio Jaru). We used a natural abundance of water isotopes—δ2H and δ18O—to trace the main source of water to plants at the beginning of the dry period (May 2016) and at the end of the dry period/transition to the wet period (October 2016) following a severe El Niño drought (ENSO 2015/16). Soil samples were collected in a soil profile up to 4 m depth. Plant samples from 18 trees (14 species) were collected in May and in October 2016. Rainwater and river water samples were collected between September 2015 and February 2017. We found that, at the end of the dry period/transition to the wet period (i.e., October 2016), the average plant xylem signal was more enriched (δ2H: −20.0 ± 8.1‰; δ18O: −1.13 ± 1.88‰) than in May 2016 (δ2H: −36.7 ± 5.6‰; δ18O: −3.50 ± 1.30‰), the onset of the dry period. The averaged isotopic soil signal in May 2016 (δ2H: −35.4 ± 5.90‰; δ18O: −5.19 ± 0.70‰) is slightly more depleted than in October (δ2H: −27.6 ± 13.8‰; δ18O: −4.35 ± 1.73‰) and, in general, more depleted than the xylem signal. In the dual isotope space, the xylem signal at the beginning of the dry period follows the rainfall signal of the wet period, while the xylem signal at the end of the dry period/transition to the wet period follows the signal of the dry season rainfall, suggesting that plants mostly transpire recent rainwater. Contrary to what was expected, we did not find evidence in the xylem signal of the water stored in the soil pores, which suggests that to meet to the water demands of the dry period, plants do not use the water from past periods stored in the soil layers.</p

Table_4_Dry season rainfall as a source of transpired water in a seasonal, evergreen forest in the western Amazon region inferred by water stable isotopes.docx

The present work aimed to investigate the potential sources of water for plants in an area of evergreen forest located in western Amazonia (Rebio Jaru). We used a natural abundance of water isotopes—δ2H and δ18O—to trace the main source of water to plants at the beginning of the dry period (May 2016) and at the end of the dry period/transition to the wet period (October 2016) following a severe El Niño drought (ENSO 2015/16). Soil samples were collected in a soil profile up to 4 m depth. Plant samples from 18 trees (14 species) were collected in May and in October 2016. Rainwater and river water samples were collected between September 2015 and February 2017. We found that, at the end of the dry period/transition to the wet period (i.e., October 2016), the average plant xylem signal was more enriched (δ2H: −20.0 ± 8.1‰; δ18O: −1.13 ± 1.88‰) than in May 2016 (δ2H: −36.7 ± 5.6‰; δ18O: −3.50 ± 1.30‰), the onset of the dry period. The averaged isotopic soil signal in May 2016 (δ2H: −35.4 ± 5.90‰; δ18O: −5.19 ± 0.70‰) is slightly more depleted than in October (δ2H: −27.6 ± 13.8‰; δ18O: −4.35 ± 1.73‰) and, in general, more depleted than the xylem signal. In the dual isotope space, the xylem signal at the beginning of the dry period follows the rainfall signal of the wet period, while the xylem signal at the end of the dry period/transition to the wet period follows the signal of the dry season rainfall, suggesting that plants mostly transpire recent rainwater. Contrary to what was expected, we did not find evidence in the xylem signal of the water stored in the soil pores, which suggests that to meet to the water demands of the dry period, plants do not use the water from past periods stored in the soil layers.</p