58 research outputs found

    The Uluzzian in the north of Italy: insights around the new evidence at Riparo Broion

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    In attempt to enlighten the debate on the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition, this work contributes new data from a yet unpublished site, Riparo Broion in the north-east of Italy. Studies confirm the presence of the Uluzzian technocomplex embedded in an archaeological sequence which includes Mousterian, Gravettian and Epigravettian. These layers have yielded finds of bone and lithic technology, shell beads, engraved portable art and the use of red mineral pigments, which make this archive a unique case for evaluating the implications of cultural dynamics in Northern Italy 44.0\u201342.4 ky BP. The diversity of the faunal assemblage recovered in layers 1f and 1g is representative of the different environments surrounding the site, with ungulates being targeted for hunting and consumption. The lithic assemblage records a high fragmentation rate due to the extensive use of the bipolar knapping technique, responsible for a large variety of splintered pieces and associated chips which also affected the backed pieces, lunates and end-scrapers. The features of the bone tools, as well as those of the marine and freshwater beads, echo the technique used in the Uluzzian in the south of Italy, confirming the geographic spread of this technocomplex in the North Adriatic region, as previously envisaged at Grotta Fumane. However, comparisons between these two sites stimulate a discussion around the possible driving forces responsible for the differences observed in technological, typological and structural lithic assemblages. A definitive scenario for the Middle Palaeolithic\u2013Upper Palaeolithic transition in this region of Southern Europe is ongoing and Riparo Broion is adding key contributions

    Adsorption of malachite green and alizarin red S dyes using Fe-BTC metal organic framework as adsorbent

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    peer-reviewedSynthetic organic dyes are widely used in various industrial sectors but are also among the most harmful water pollutants. In the last decade, significant efforts have been made to develop improved materials for the removal of dyes from water, in particular, on nanostructured adsorbent materials. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are an attractive class of hybrid nanostructured materials with an extremely wide range of applications including adsorption. In the present work, an iron-based Fe-BTC MOF, prepared according to a rapid, aqueous-based procedure, was used as an adsorbent for the removal of alizarin red S (ARS) and malachite green (MG) dyes from water. The synthesized material was characterized in detail, while the adsorption of the dyes was monitored by UV-Vis spectroscopy. An optimal adsorption pH of 4, likely due to the establishment of favorable interactions between dyes and Fe-BTC, was found. At this pH and at a temperature of 298 K, adsorption equilibrium was reached in less than 30 min following a pseudo-second order kinetics, with k” of 4.29 × 10−3 and 3.98 × 10−2 g·mg−1 min−1 for ARS and MG, respectively. The adsorption isotherm followed the Langmuir model with maximal adsorption capacities of 80 mg·g−1(ARS) and 177 mg·g −1 (MG), and KL of 9.30·103 L·mg−1 (ARS) and 51.56·103 L·mg−1 (MG)

    Early life of Neanderthals

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    The early onset of weaning in modern humans has been linked to the high nutritional demand of brain development that is intimately connected with infant physiology and growth rate. In Neanderthals, ontogenetic patterns in early life are still debated, with some studies suggesting an accelerated development and others indicating only subtle differences to modern humans. Here we report the onset of weaning and rates of enamel growth using an unprecedented sample set of three late (~70-50 ka) Neanderthals and one Upper Paleolithic modern human from Northeastern-Italy via spatially-resolved chemical/isotopic analyses and histomorphometry of deciduous teeth. Our results reveal that the modern human nursing strategy, with onset of weaning at 5-6 months, was present among these Neanderthals. This evidence, combined with dental development akin to modern humans, highlights their similar metabolic constraints during early life and excludes late weaning as a factor contributing to Neanderthals' demise

    Estratégias comportamentais e capacidade de adaptação dos Neandertais: métodos para investigação de mobilidade e uso de recursos no território

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    O povoamento humano durante o Paleolítico Médio foi estruturado em torno da paisagem natural e da sua imensa variedade; o homem desse período se caracteriza por uma alta propensão em se adaptar ao ambiente, conseguindo contornar os limites e aproveitando as oportunidades e riquezas disponibilizadas, mas nunca chegando, por limitações provavelmente mais tecnológicas que cognitivas, há modificar a paisagem em um sentido antrópico para que ela se adapte a ele e às suas necessidades e circunstâncias. Este “usufruidor” nômade é representado pelo Homem de Neandertal, o principal criador de culturas dentro da categoria cronológico-cultural do Paleolítico Médio, que viveu no continente euroasiático entre aproximadamente 300.000 e 40.000 anos atrás. O seu comportamento, considerando a duração do período em que ele existiu e a variabilidade ecológica com a qual ele era forçado a se confrontar, deveria ser muito diversificado.Neste contexto, influenciaram indubitavelmente, e quase certamente de forma determinante, os fatores sociais, que são difíceis e perigosos de determinar diretamente, mas hipotizáveis mesmo que apenas parcialmente na obtenção de informações a partir das confirmações de comportamento simbólico, de demografia, de relações humanas. Os conflitos interpessoais, a presença de outros grupos que exploram o mesmo nicho ecológico, a divisão do trabalho por classes de idade ou sexo, a extensão de grupos humanos que compartilhavam o mesmo abrigo ou as mesmas estratégias de mobilidade: todas essas são variáveis importantes embora quase desconhecidas, que determinam escolhas e estratégias de comportamento

    Estratégias comportamentais e capacidade de adaptação dos Neandertais: métodos para investigação de mobilidade e uso de recursos no território

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    O povoamento humano durante o PaleolĂ­tico MĂ©dio foi estruturado em torno da paisagem natural e da sua imensa variedade; o homem desse perĂ­odo se caracteriza por uma alta propensĂŁo em se adaptar ao ambiente, conseguindo contornar os limites e aproveitando as oportunidades e riquezas disponibilizadas, mas nunca chegando, por limitaçÔes provavelmente mais tecnolĂłgicas que cognitivas, hĂĄ modificar a paisagem em um sentido antrĂłpico para que ela se adapte a ele e Ă s suas necessidades e circunstĂąncias. Este “usufruidor” nĂŽmade Ă© representado pelo Homem de Neandertal, o principal criador de culturas dentro da categoria cronolĂłgico-cultural do PaleolĂ­tico MĂ©dio, que viveu no continente euroasiĂĄtico entre aproximadamente 300.000 e 40.000 anos atrĂĄs. O seu comportamento, considerando a duração do perĂ­odo em que ele existiu e a variabilidade ecolĂłgica com a qual ele era forçado a se confrontar, deveria ser muito diversificado.Neste contexto, influenciaram indubitavelmente, e quase certamente de forma determinante, os fatores sociais, que sĂŁo difĂ­ceis e perigosos de determinar diretamente, mas hipotizĂĄveis mesmo que apenas parcialmente na obtenção de informaçÔes a partir das confirmaçÔes de comportamento simbĂłlico, de demografia, de relaçÔes humanas. Os conflitos interpessoais, a presença de outros grupos que exploram o mesmo nicho ecolĂłgico, a divisĂŁo do trabalho por classes de idade ou sexo, a extensĂŁo de grupos humanos que compartilhavam o mesmo abrigo ou as mesmas estratĂ©gias de mobilidade: todas essas sĂŁo variĂĄveis importantes embora quase desconhecidas, que determinam escolhas e estratĂ©gias de comportamento

    L’analisi degli strumenti a dorso del Paleolitico Medio come mezzo per indagare le strategie comportamentali e le tradizioni tecnologiche degli ultimi Neanderthal europei

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    In questo elaborato si presenta l’analisi dei manufatti a dorso selezionati dagli insiemi litici di tre contesti della fase finale del Paleolitico Medio (inizio MIS 3): - Il G-Complex di Sesselfelsgrotte (Baviera), caratterizzato dalla coesistenza delle tradizioni tecno-culturali afferenti al Micocchiano (keilmessergruppe) e al Musteriano, con la selezione di strumenti a dorso bifacciali (keilmesser) e unifacciali (raschiatoi e schegge con dorso). - Le unitĂ  A9 e A10-A11 di Grotta di Fumane (Prealpi venete), insiemi litici Musteriani contraddistinti dall’alternanza tra i metodi Levallois e Discoide, con la selezione dei rispettivi prodotti a dorso. - Il livello 7 di La Rochette (Dordogna), uno dei migliori esempi di Musteriano di tradizione Acheuleana di tipo B (MTA-B), ricco di coltelli a dorso ritoccato. Si Ăš scelto di incentrare l’analisi su questa ampia categoria di manufatti poichĂ© si ritiene che essi possano riassumere le differenze tecno-culturali degli insiemi in questione, nonostante rispondano in linea teorica ad uno stesso obiettivo e schema funzionale: quello di “coltello” con una parte attiva atta a tagliare/trasformare la materia, e una parte passiva opposta necessaria alla manipolazione. Le loro diverse strategie di fabbricazione e i risultati ottenuti verranno perciĂČ confrontati per indagare la variabilitĂ  tecnologica e comportamentale dei gruppi neandertaliani cercando di rispondere alla domanda: “perchĂ© diversi gruppi umani contemporanei fabbricavano i propri coltelli in modi cosĂŹ differenti?” Gli approcci analitici adottati si rifanno principalmente al metodo tecno-funzionale, capace di fornire risposte sugli schemi di ottenimento, utilizzo e funzionalitĂ  di tali strumenti. Il metodo Ăš applicato sia direttamente ai manufatti che ai modelli 3D ottenuti con diverse tecniche di acquisizione. Il 3D permette una migliore interazione e la gestione statistica di dati quantitativi e qualitativi precisi. Altri approcci sono stati talvolta integrati per approfondire particolari espressioni tecniche: tra questi, l’analisi delle tracce d’uso combinata con attivitĂ  sperimentale, volta a comprendere funzionalitĂ  e prestazioni dei pezzi a dorso ritoccato. Risultati e discussioni sono organizzati attorno ad una serie di macro-argomenti chiave che si sono scelti al fine di cercare di perseguire obiettivi precisi: - Comprensione del rapporto tra Micocchiano e Musteriano, che ha permesso di avanzare ipotesi sul valore tecno-funzionale ed ecologico dei coltelli a dorso bifacciali, versione altamente potenziale e versatile di quelli unifacciali, e fabbricati probabilmente a loro imitazione in contesti vincolanti dal punto di vista ecologico-ambientale. - Indagine del dualismo tecnologico Discoide – Levallois dal punto di vista delle strategie economiche e di mobilitĂ , della produttivitĂ  dei concetti e dell’efficienza dei prodotti con dorso; il confronto ha contribuito a definire meglio l’origine di due scelte strategiche differenti adottate in contesti similari sula base di obiettivi funzionali e potenziali diversi. - Analisi dei dorsi ritoccati nel Paleolitico Medio e comprensione della funzionalitĂ  della ampia gamma di interventi tecnici adottati; Tale approccio Ăš applicato specialmente all’unitĂ  Discoide di Fumane, mentre un confronto con i coltelli a dorso MTA-B ha confermato la natura profondamente diversa dei due tipi di strumenti. Si Ăš contribuito a definire un’innovazione tecnica neandertaliana della fine del Paleolitico Medio, sia nel caso risponda a modelli mentali dalla possibile valenza culturale (coltelli MTA-B), o a scopi puramente funzionali ed ergonomici (schegge discoidi). Al fine di validare tali modelli su scala generale Ăš stato necessario incrociare i dati ottenuti con il quadro cronologico ed ecologico noto. Infine, in appendice si propone un metodo per ricavare la lateralitĂ  prefereziale nell’utilizzo degli strumenti a dorso.This work presents the analysis of the backed artifacts selected from the lithic assemblages of three sites framed in the final Middle Paleolithic (MIS 3): - The G-Complex of Sesselfelsgrotte (Lower Bavaria), characterized by the coexistence of the Micoquian (Keilmessergruppe) and the Mousterian cultural traditions; the study was applied on a selection of bifacial (keilmesser) and unifacial (scrapers and unretouched flakes) backed tools. - The A9 and A10-A11 layers of Grotta di Fumane (Venetian Prealps), Mousterian assemblages characterized by the alternation between the Levallois and Discoid methods; the study was applied on a selection of the respective backed tools. - Layer 7 of La Rochette shelter (Dordogne), one of the best examples of Mousterian of Acheulean tradition, type B (MTA-B), where retouched backed knives are abundant. We choose to focus the analysis on this broad category of artifacts since we assumed that they can summarize the differences between the respective assemblages. In fact, they represent technological- or cultural-related tools, despite they theoretically respond to the same objective and functional scheme: a knife with an active part designed to cut/transform the material, and an opposite passive part necessary for manipulation. Their different manufacturing processes and own features will be compared to investigate the technological and behavioral variability of late Neanderthals trying to answer the question: “why roughly contemporary human groups manufactured their knives in such different ways?" The used analytical approaches mainly refer to the techno-functional method, capable of providing data on the tools’ manufacturing and functional schemes. The techno-functional method is applied both directly to the lithic artifacts and, when possible, to the 3D models that have been obtained with different acquisition techniques. The use of 3D allows better interaction and the statistical management of precise quantitative and qualitative data. Other approaches have been integrated to investigate particular technical behaviors: among these the use-wear analysis, combined with experimental replication and use, aimed at understanding the functionality and performance of the retouched backed tools. Results and discussions are organized around a series of key macro-topics that have been chosen in order to pursue specific objectives: - Deepening of the relationship between the Micoquian and the Mousterian. It has been possible to raise hypotheses on the techno-functional and ecological value of bifacial backed knives, a highly potential and versatile version of unifacial backed tools. They were possibly a techno-functional imitation, however manufactured within constrained ecological and environmental contexts. - Investigation of the Discoid - Levallois dualism, examined through economic and mobility strategies, productivity rates and effectiveness of backed artifacts. The comparison helped to better define the origin of two different technical choices, adopted in similar contexts based on different functional and potential objectives. - Analysis of the retouched backed tools in the Middle Paleolithic and understanding the functionality of the wide range of technical interventions utilized for this purpose. This approach is especially applied to the Fumane Discoid assemblage, while a comparison with MTA-B backed knives confirmed their different nature. The study contributed to define a technical innovation conceived by late Neanderthals, whether it responds to the application of mental models with a possible cultural value (MTA-B backed knives), or to purely functional and ergonomic purposes (Discoid retouched backed tools). In order to validate these models on a general scale, it was necessary to cross the obtained data with the known chronological and ecological framework. Finally, in the appendix, we propose a method to achieve the laterality in the use of backed tools

    Techno-functional and 3D shape analysis applied for investigating the variability of backed tools in the Late Middle Paleolithic of Central Europe

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    In the Late Middle Paleolithic of Central Europe, two main cultural complexes have been distinguished: the Micoquian or Keilmessergruppe (KMG), and the Mousterian. Their differences mainly consist in the frequence of some retouched tools and the presence of bifacial technology. When these industries coexist, one element of discussion is the application of different concepts to manufacture tools with the same techno-functionality. This is particularly true for backed artifacts, such as Keilmesser (backed, asymmetrical bifacially-shaped knives) opposed to flake-tools equipped with a natural or knapped back. We conducted a techno-functional analysis of the backed tools from the G-Layer-Complex of Sesselfelsgrotte, one of the main Late Middle Paleolithic sequences in Central Europe, characterized by a combination of KMG and Mousterian aspects. In order to better understand the morpho-metrical data, 3D scans were used for recording technical features and performing semi-automatic geometric morphometrics. Results indicate that the techno-functional schemes of Keilmesser show a moderate variability and often overlap with the schemes of other typological groups. Within bifacial backed knives, a process of imitation of unifacial flake tools’ functionaly was recognized particularly in the cutting edge manufacturing. Keilmesser proved to be the long-life, versatile version of backed flake-tools, also due to the recurrent valence as both tool and core. This is why Keilmesser represent an ideal strategic blank when a mobile and multi-functional tool is needed. Based on these data, it is assumed that the relationship between Mousterian and KMG is deeply rooted and the emergence of KMG aspects could be related to constrained situations characterizing the long cold stages of the Early Weichselian. A higher regional mobility caused by the comparably low predictability of resources characterized the subsistence tactics of Neanderthal groups especially at the borders of their overall distribution. For this reason, Keilmesser could have represented an ecological answer before possibly becoming a marker of cultural identity

    Piovesello

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    Dopo cinque anni sono riprese le ricerche archeologiche sul sito gravettiano del Piovesello, con lo scopo di terminare l’indagine planimetrica del sito ed avere così un’immagine completa della frequentazione umana. La campagna di scavi ù durata tre settimane e si ù inserita all’interno del progetto “Paleo APPennino – il Piovesello tra Preistoria ed Era multimediale”, finanziato da IBC Emilia-Romagna e mirato a divulgare, rendere note e fruibili le emergenze culturali preistoriche del piacentino creando una rete virtuale tra musei e siti archeologici. Le indagini sul campo hanno interessato un’area di circa 20 mq, posta a sud dell’area indagata nelle campagne precedenti. A partire dall’erosione causata dal corso d’acqua che ha reso possibile la scoperta del sito, gli scavi si sono estesi fino alla US 10, ovvero il bedrock. Circa un centinaio di reperti sono stati rinvenuti e documentati attraverso fotografie e l’utilizzo della stazione totale. La distribuzione verticale dei reperti, ritrovati sia alla base che nel corpo di US 7, e la loro disposizione spaziale verticalizzata od obliqua, ha fatto pensare all’esistenza di processi post-deposizionali di natura vertica a causa dei quali i reperti potrebbero avere perduto la disposizione originaria. Per questo motivo sono stati prelevati campioni di stratigrafia col fine di svolgere ulteriori analisi micromorfologiche. Gli scavi hanno confermato la ridotta estensione del sito, indagato ormai nella sua interezza come confermato anche dai numerosi rimontaggi litici presenti sul materiale archeologico, importanti al fine di ricavare informazioni sulle modalità di scheggiatura e la gestione delle risorse litiche
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