Tiempo e identidad. La representación festiva de la comunidad y sus ritmos

La fiesta establece como posibilidad lo que mismo que la violencia y la guerra convierten en la única evidencia: el intercambio generalizado, la comunicación llevada a su apoteosis, es la sustancia de la sociedad, esa energía cuya efusión sin control es lo que teme por encima de cualquier cosa una comunidad. La comunidad se protege de la comunicación sacralizándola.Indarkeriak eta gerrak ebidentzia bakarra bihurtu dutena, posibilitate gisa agertzen du jaiak: truke orokorra, komunikazioa bere gorenera eramana gizartearen muina da, eta komunitate batek beldurra dio energia zabaltze horri, beste ezeri baino areago. Komunikazioa sakralizatuz babesten da komunikaziotik komunitatea.La fête établit comme possibilité ce que la violence et la guerre convertissent en une évidence unique: l'échange généralisé, l'exaltation de la communication, la substance de la société, l'énergie dont l'effusion sans contrôle est ce qu'une communauté craint par-dessus tout. La communauté se protège de la communication en la sacralisant.Festivities establish as a possibility the same as violence and war convert into one sole evidence: generalised exchange, communication taken to its highest level, it is the substance of society, that energy the uncontrolled effusion of which is what the community fears more than anything else. Communities protect themselves from communication by making it sacred

The Revolted City : The Barricade and Other Radical Transformations of Urban Space

Las ciudades aparecen a menudo mostradas como escenarios de y para acontecimientos sociales importantes, presentes o pasados, cuyo protagonismo corresponde a fusiones de viandantes alterados que hacen un uso insolente de la calle o la plaza, convirtiéndola en campo para la expresión vehemente de disidencias o protestas. Se habla de revueltas, insurrecciones populares, revoluciones y, en un grado menor, de disturbios, enfrentamientos y algaradas, lo que el lenguaje legal denomina “alteraciones del orden público”, siempre a cargo de coaliciones provisionales y efímeras de individuos casi siempre hasta entonces desconcidos entre si, que se apropian del espacio urbano para sus reclamaciones, haciéndolo frente o contra las instituciones dominantes en la sociedad en que viven. Cuando los cronistas del pasado o del presente muestran una ciudad asumiendo tal papel lo hacen de manera que éstas se pueden antojar meros decorados pasivos sobre los cuales se desarrollan las dramaturgias de la historia o la actualidad. En cambio, pocas veces se ha tomado conciencia del papel activo que las morfologías urbanas juegan en el desarrollo de estos hechos, de cómo se constituyen en parte activa de los acontecimientos, en la medida que estimulan o inhiben unos determinados estilos colectivos de actuar —al tiempo que hacen improcedentes o inviables otros— y ponen a disposición de los actores una red de funciones y significados que acaban determinando total o parcialmente el curso y las maneras de lo que ocurre o va a ocurrir.The cities are often shown as settings for significant social events, old and new, produced by altered citizens making insolent demonstrations, where the streets are used by aggressive expressions of protests and disorder. All these events are often called “alterations of the public order”, organized by short-term social groups, which participate without knowing each other, only tied by the common aim of fighting against dominant powers in the city. When historians describe these events, they consider the city as passive settings where all these acts take place. On the contrary, it is seldom admitted to have a different view, taking into consideration a positive role of the morphology of the city, by selecting meaning and behaviors, and making inadmissible others, pushing in this way concrete actions and roles to the citizens. This argument is enough justification for a new branch of the urban ecology in order to explain, not only the history of these acts of revolt, but the role of the physical environment that is the base for these events, the background that, in fact, partially produces them. It is necessary, then, to analyze the concrete city forms and settings, the correlations between the moves of the protesters and the forms where these events take place. Also should be analyzed the order of these behaviors, and the space and time dimensions of the physical characteristics of the cities where these big or small occasional demonstrations are always exploding. We should, then, describe and analyze how these events use city places, how they ignore or find new meanings and uses, or show total insensitivity to their physical qualities. Then the city could be shown as a setting for conflictive behaviors, not as a place for calm, repetitive and easy to forecast, urban life, that is, an addition of behaviors far from any kind of confrontations. We know that urban landscapes can easily be converted into sites for revolt and disobedience.Peer Reviewe

Transistor-Level Synthesis of Pipeline Analog-to-Digital Converters Using a Design-Space Reduction Algorithm

A novel transistor-level synthesis procedure for pipeline ADCs is presented. This procedure is able to directly map high-level converter specifications onto transistor sizes and biasing conditions. It is based on the combination of behavioral models for performance evaluation, optimization routines to minimize the power and area consumption of the circuit solution, and an algorithm to efficiently constraint the converter design space. This algorithm precludes the cost of lengthy bottom-up verifications and speeds up the synthesis task. The approach is herein demonstrated via the design of a 0.13 μm CMOS 10 bits@60 MS/s pipeline ADC with energy consumption per conversion of only 0.54 pJ@1 MHz, making it one of the most energy-efficient 10-bit video-rate pipeline ADCs reported to date. The computational cost of this design is of only 25 min of CPU time, and includes the evaluation of 13 different pipeline architectures potentially feasible for the targeted specifications. The optimum design derived from the synthesis procedure has been fine tuned to support PVT variations, laid out together with other auxiliary blocks, and fabricated. The experimental results show a power consumption of 23 [email protected] V and an effective resolution of 9.47-bit@1 MHz. Bearing in mind that no specific power reduction strategy has been applied; the mentioned results confirm the reliability of the proposed approach.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación TEC2009-08447Junta de Andalucía TIC-0281

Accurate Settling-Time Modeling and Design Procedures for Two-Stage Miller-Compensated Amplifiers for Switched-Capacitor Circuits

We present modeling techniques for accurate estimation of settling errors in switched-capacitor (SC) circuits built with Miller-compensated operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs). One distinctive feature of the proposal is the computation of the impact of signal levels (on both the model parameters and the model structure) as they change during transient evolution. This is achieved by using an event-driven behavioral approach that combines small- and large-signal behavioral descriptions and keeps track of the amplifier state after each clock phase. Also, SC circuits are modeled under closed-loop conditions to guarantee that the results remain close to those obtained by electrical simulation of the actual circuits. Based on these models, which can be regarded as intermediate between the more established small-signal approach and full-fledged simulations, design procedures for dimensioning SC building blocks are presented whose targets are system-level specifications (such as ENOB and SNDR) instead of OTA specifications. The proposed techniques allow to complete top-down model-based designs with 0.3-b accuracy.Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia TEC2006-03022Junta de Andalucía TIC-0281

Anonimat i ciutadania: dret a la indiferència en contextos urbans

The right to the indifference implies a hnowledgement for everybody of a clear distinction between what is public ans what is private, wich is the base of the citizenry. This right has been systematically denied to those who are excluded by society. The fact of being immigrant makes this people to feel trapped in their private life, like being a slave of their privacy. Btt this privacy is not absolute, because it is exposed to the public eye, and so it is ut of the right deserved by our privacy o keep away from the other’s judgement. The main factor of exclusion is which oblies some people to do what those, recognised as citizens, would complemently deny to do: wasting time giving reasons.El derecho a la indiferencia implica el reconocimiento, de todos, de una clara distinción entre público y privado, base fundamental del principio de ciudadanía. Este derecho se niega por sistema al llamado «otro cultural», al que también se le quita el derecho a la vida privada y a la vida pública. La persona marcada como «inmigrante» o «étnica» se vé atrapadao en una vida privada de la que no puede escapar, ya que se la considera esclava de su supuesta «cultura». Esta omnipresencia de su vida privada le inhabilita para ser aceptada en la esfera pública y le condena a vivir recluido en su privacidad; una privacidad, pero, que tampoco es plenamente privada, puesto que constantmente está expuesta a la mirada pública y, por lo tanto, está desprovista del derecho que toda privacidad tiene de permanecer protegida de los juicios ajenos y de las indiscreciones. El primer factor de la exclusión es, pues, el que obliga a ciertas personas a hacer lo que los ciudadanos con plenos derechos se negarían a hacer: pasarse el tiempo dando explicaciones

A 5.3mW, 2.4GHz ESD protected Low-Noise Amplifier in a 0.13μm RFCMOS technology

An Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) protected Low- Noise Amplifier (LNA) for the 2.4 GHz ISM band designed in a 0.13 mum standard RFCMOS technology is presented. The amplifier, including packaging effects, achieves 16.8 dB power gain, reflexion coefficients S 11 , S 22 < -30 dB over the 2.4 GHz ISM band, a peak noise figure of 1.8 dB, and an IIP 3 of 1 dBm, while drawing less than 4.5 mA dc biasing current from the 1.2 V power supply. Further, the LNA withstands a Human Body Model (HBM) ESD stress up to plusmn2.0 kV, by means of the additional custom protection circuitry.Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología TIC2003-02355Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia TEC2006-0302